Atividade da reductase do nitrato em milho (Zea mays L.) var. Piranão em níveis crescentes de nitrogênio.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a atividade da reductase do nitrato em milho (Zea mays L. var. "Piranao") cultivado em solucao nutritiva e sob doses crescentes de nitrogenio, na forma de NO3. A atividade da enzima foi analisada aos 56 dias de idade, em rodelas de folhas do terco medio da folha +4, seguindo-se a metodologia proposta por MULDER et alii (15), adaptada por MALAVOLTA (13). Os resultados permitiram concluir que o aumento do teor de NO3 no meio favoreceu a atividade da reductase do nitrato ate o nivel maximo de 40,51 ug de N-NO-2/g de materia verde, correspondente a um nivel de 296,19 mg de N/litro de solucao nutritiva. Os resultados obtidos nas condicoes experimentais em que foi realizado o trabalho correspondem, provavelmente, ao maximo da capacidade genetica da variedade estudada. Os teores de N encontrados nas folhas inferiores foram mais baixos do que os das folhas superiores, em funcao da alta mobilizacao do elemento para as partes mais novas da planta. Houve tambem correlacao positiva entre a atividade da reductase do nitrato, o teor de N total da folha e a producao de materia seca

A FORMAÇÃO PARA O ENSINO DE FILOSOFIA DE 2004-2014: dez anos após as lutas pelas conquistas, quais serão os “novos” desafios?

This article aims to reflect on the past decade discussions about Philosophy education and the philosopher-teachers training in High schools. This work has as its starting point an assessment made in 2004, beginning two years before the opinion of CNE 2006/4 (on July 7, 2006) which brought the requirement of the presence of Philosophy and Sociology as compulsory subjects in all curriculum of High School all over the country. Working with the debates emerged from that initial period (2004-2006) we tried to understand its developments until the approval of the law 11,683 of June 2nd 2008, which made the teaching of Sociology and Philosophy subjects mandatory indeed; and in the later moments, with the consolidation of achievements and test responses to new challenges of education. For this, we use as a theoretical reference the History of This Time working with some official documents, articles, news and websites Forums about Philosophy and from ANPOF.O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre os últimos dez anos de discussões sobre o ensino de Filosofia e a formação de professores-filósofos para a atuação no ensino médio. Esse trabalho tem como marco inicial um balanço feito no ano de 2004, partindo dos dois anos que precedem o parecer 2006/4 do CNE que trazia a exigência da presença da Filosofia e da Sociologia como disciplinas obrigatórias em todos os currículos das escolas de ensino médio do país em 7 de julho de 2006. Trabalhando com os debates surgidos neste período inicial (2004-2006) procuramos entender os seus desdobramentos até a homologação da lei nº 11.683 de 2 junho de 2008, que tornava o ensino das disciplinas de Sociologia e de Filosofia efetivamente como obrigatório; e os momentos posteriores, com o processo de consolidação das conquistas e ensaios de respostas aos novos desafios do ensino. Para isso, utilizamos como referencial teórico a história do tempo presente, trabalhando com alguns documentos oficiais, reportagens, notícias e sites dos Fóruns de Filosofia e da ANPOF. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ensino de Filosofia; Formação de Professores; Ensino Médi

School Feeding Programs in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Almost every country in the world has a national school feeding program to provide daily snacks or meals to school-attending children and adolescents. The interven- tions reach an estimated 368 million children and ado- lescents globally. The total investment in the intervention is projected to be as much as US$75 billion annually (WFP 2013), largely from government budgets. School feeding may contribute to multiple objectives, including social safety nets, education, nutrition, health, and local agriculture. Its contribution to education objectives is well recognized and documented, while its role as a social safety net was underscored following the food and fuel crises of 2007 and 2008 (Bundy and others 2009). In terms of health and nutrition, school feeding contributes to the continuum of development by build- ing on investments made earlier in the life course, including maternal and infant health interventions and early child development interventions (see chapter 7 in this volume, Alderman and others 2017). School feeding may also help leverage global efforts to enhance the inclusiveness of education for out-of-school children, adolescent girls, and disabled persons, as called for in the Sustainable Development Goals (see chapter 17 in this volume, Graham and others 2017). Although the Disease Control Priorities series focuses on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), evidence from high-income countries (HICs) is included because of the near universality of school feeding and the insights that inclusion can provide as economies develop. For example, the design of school feeding in countries under- going the nutrition transition 1 may provide some lessons on how to shift from providing access to sufficient calo- ries to promoting healthful diets and dietary behaviors for children and adolescents (WFP 2013). Agricultural development has increasingly gained attention. It is clear that to enable the transition to sus- tainable, scalable government-run programs, the inclu- sion of the agricultural sector is essential (Bundy and others 2009; Drake and others 2016). Accounting for the full benefits of school feeding through cost- effectiveness and benefit-cost analysis is challenging, similar to other complex interventions, but undertaking this accounting is critical for assessing the tradeoffs with competing investments. This chapter reviews the evidence about how school feeding meets these objectives and provides some indi- cation of costs in relation to benefits. The costs of the intervention are well established; estimates that encompass all the benefits of school feeding are more challenging. The benefits must be quantified and translated to the same unit to allow for aggregation. Moreover, how school feeding interventions are designed and implemented varies significantly across countries. Given that delivery of school feeding often involves multiple sectors, common policy frameworks and cross-sectoral coordination are required to achieve maximum benefit (Bundy and others 2009). Several other chapters in the volume highlight school feeding. These include chapter 11 (Lassi, Moin, and Bhutta 2017), chapter 20 (Bundy and others 2017), chapter 22 (Plaut and others 2017), and chapter 25 (Fernandes and Aurino 2017)

Modelling of the effect of ELMs on fuel retention at the bulk W divertor of JET

Effect of ELMs on fuel retention at the bulk W target of JET ITER-Like Wall was studied with multi-scale calculations. Plasma input parameters were taken from ELMy H-mode plasma experiment. The energetic intra-ELM fuel particles get implanted and create near-surface defects up to depths of few tens of nm, which act as the main fuel trapping sites during ELMs. Clustering of implantation-induced vacancies were found to take place. The incoming flux of inter-ELM plasma particles increases the different filling levels of trapped fuel in defects. The temperature increase of the W target during the pulse increases the fuel detrapping rate. The inter-ELM fuel particle flux refills the partially emptied trapping sites and fills new sites. This leads to a competing effect on the retention and release rates of the implanted particles. At high temperatures the main retention appeared in larger vacancy clusters due to increased clustering rate

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Instruments for assessing back pain in athletes: A systematic review

Back pain in athletes varies with sport, age, and sex, which can impair athletic performance, thereby contributing to retirement. Studies on back pain in this population use questionnaires to assess components, such as pain intensity and location and factors associated with pain, among others. This study aimed to review validated questionnaires that have assessed back pain in athletes. This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) by searching the databases Embase, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Scopus. The articles were selected regardless of language and date of publication. Titles and abstracts were independently selected by two reviewers; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. All the steps were conducted using the software Rayyan. The methodological quality of the questionnaire validation articles was assessed using a critical appraisal tool checklist proposed by Brink and Louw. The search returned 4748 articles, of which 60 were selected for this review, including 5 questionnaire validation studies. These articles were published between 2004 and 2022, which were performed in more than 20 countries, particularly Germany (14) and Sweden (5). Thirteen different instruments were identified, of which 46.1% were developed in Europe. The most commonly used questionnaires were the Oswestry Disability Index and Nordic Standardized Questionnaire. In addition, five questionnaire validation studies were selected for methodological quality assessment, with only two studies demonstrating high methodological quality. The following three instruments were identified for assessing back pain specifically in athletes: Micheli Functional Scale, Persian Functional Rating Index, and Athlete Disability Index. This review confirmed that all three instruments were specifically designed to assess this condition

Gameterapia na terceira idade: uma revisão

During the aging process, physiological and functional changes become noticeable. It is estimated that in 2050 approximately 29.3% of the Brazilian population will be over 60 years old. Physiotherapy uses game therapy as a complementary alternative to conventional therapy to maintain the quality of life, well-being and health of the elderly. Objective: To carry out a literature review on game therapy in old age. Method: This is a bibliographic review in the VHL (Virtual Health Library) and PubMed (United States National Library of Medicine) data libraries. Publications in Portuguese and English were included using combinations of descriptive terms and key words: virtual reality, aging, exergame, game therapy for the elderly and serious games. Result and Discussion: 22 articles were included, which address the aging process and the changes it triggers, the importance of physiotherapy and the effects of game therapy, as a complementary strategy for prevention and rehabilitation of the elderly. Conclusion: Game therapy complements conventional therapy to promote active aging and improve the quality of life of the elderly.Durante o processo de envelhecimento torna perceptíveis alterações fisiológicas e funcionais, estima-se que em 2050 aproximadamente 29,3 % da população brasileira terá mais de 60 anos. A fisioterapia utiliza a gameterapia como alternativa complementar à terapia convencional para manutenção da qualidade de vida, bem-estar e saúde dos idosos.  Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre gameterapia na terceira idade. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica nas bibliotecas de dados BVS (Virtual Health Library) e PubMed (United States National Library of Medicine). Foram incluídas publicações em português e inglês utilizando as combinações de termos descritivos e palavras chaves: realidade virtual, envelhecimento, exergame, gameterapia para idosos e jogos sérios. Resultado e Discussão: Foram incluídos 22 artigos, os quais abordam sobre o processo de envelhecimento e as alterações desencadeadas, a importância da fisioterapia e os efeitos da gameterapia, como estratégia complementar para prevenção e reabilitação dos idosos. Conclusão: A gameterapia complementa a terapia convencional para promoção do envelhecimento ativo e melhora da qualidade de vida dos idosos