Población urbana y población rural en León en el siglo XVI.

Sin resume

Measuring out-of-pocket payment, catastrophic health expenditure and the related socioeconomic inequality in Peru : a comparison between 2008 and 2017

Q2Objectives: Describe out-of-pocket payment (OOP) and the proportion of Peruvian households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and evaluate changes in socioeconomic inequalities in CHE between 2008 and 2017. Methods: We used data from the 2008 and 2017 National Household Surveys on Living and Poverty Conditions (ENAHO in Spanish), which are based on probabilistic stratified, multistage and independent sampling of areas. OOP was converted into constant dollars of 2017. A household with CHE was assumed when the proportion between OOP and payment capacity was ≥0.40. OOP was described by median and interquartile range while CHE was described by weighted proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To estimate the socioeconomic inequality in CHE we computed the Erreygers concentration index. Results: The median OOP reduced from 205.8 US dollars to 158.7 US dollars between 2008 and 2017. The proportion of CHE decreased from 4.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.2) in 2008 to 3.7% (95% CI, 3.4 to 4.0) in 2017. Comparison of socioeconomic inequality of CHE showed no differences between 2008 and 2017, except for rural households in which CHE was less concentrated in richer households (p<0.05) and in households located on the rest of the coast, showing an increase in the concentration of CHE in richer households (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although OOP and CHE reduced between 2008 and 2017, there is still socioeconomic inequality in the burden of CHE across different subpopulations. To reverse this situation, access to health resources and health services should be promoted and guaranteed to all populations.Revista Internacional - Indexad

Fabric defect detection using the wavelet transform in an ARM processor

Small devices used in our day life are constructed with powerful architectures that can be used for industrial applications when requiring portability and communication facilities. We present in this paper an example of the use of an embedded system, the Zeus epic 520 single board computer, for defect detection in textiles using image processing. We implement the Haar wavelet transform using the embedded visual C++ 4.0 compiler for Windows CE 5. The algorithm was tested for defect detection using images of fabrics with five types of defects. An average of 95% in terms of correct defect detection was obtained, achieving a similar performance than using processors with float point arithmetic calculations

Genetically Depauperate in the Continent but Rich in Oceanic Islands: Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands

BACKGROUND: Population genetic theory holds that oceanic island populations are expected to have lower levels of genetic variation than their mainland counterparts, due to founder effect after island colonization from the continent. Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) is distributed in both the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean region. Numerous phylogenetic results obtained in the last years allow performing further phylogeographic analyses in Cistus. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed sequences from multiple plastid DNA regions in 47 populations of Cistus monspeliensis from the Canary Islands (21 populations) and the Mediterranean basin (26 populations). The time-calibrated phylogeny and phylogeographic analyses yielded the following results: (1) a single, ancestral haplotype is distributed across the Mediterranean, whereas 10 haplotypes in the Canary Islands; (2) four haplotype lineages are present in the Canarian Islands; (3) multiple colonization events across the archipelago are inferred; (4) the earliest split of intraspecific lineages occurred in the Early to Middle Pleistocene (<930,000 years BP). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The contrasting pattern of cpDNA variation is best explained by genetic bottlenecks in the Mediterranean during Quaternary glaciations, while the Canarian archipelago acted as a refugium of high levels of genetic diversity. Active colonization across the Canarian islands is supported not only by the distribution of C. monspeliensis in five of the seven islands, but also by our phylogeographic reconstruction in which unrelated haplotypes are present on the same island. Widespread distribution of thermophilous habitats on every island, as those found throughout the Mediterranean, has likely been responsible for the successful colonization of C. monspeliensis, despite the absence of a long-distance dispersal mechanism. This is the first example of a plant species with higher genetic variation among oceanic island populations than among those of the continent

Psychopathological verbal expression of self-perceived stress in three groups of psychotic patients

Producción CientíficaSelf-perceived stress in 293 psychotic patients (schizophrenic, toxic and brief reactive psychoses) and a control group of 40 sane individuáis was evaluated by means of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire. For this purpose, scores obtained in 6 'complementary Ítems' of the third versión of this questionnaire were studied, both in global and in detailed form. These Ítems reflect coping mechanisms exerted towards situations perceived as stressful which can produce clinical manifestations similar to the wellknown 'negative symptoms' of schizophrenia. Results show that self-perceived stress in all groups of patients is significantly higher than in the control group. In contrast, no significant differences among the three groups of patients are obtained. In conclusión, we point out the relevance of studying the psychotic patient's self-perceived stress in order to detect and minimize or even avoid the patient's risk situations, independen! of his/her diagnosis. This will be especially useful to obtain optimal conditions for rehabilitatio

El Problema del lenguaje en la enseñanza de los conceptos compuesto, elemento y mezcla

En aquest treball es presenta una proposta didàctica per ensenyar conceptes fonamentals de la química (compost, element, mescla, etc.) a partir de definicions amb un llenguatge directe, no especialitzat i, per tant, més proper als alumnes. La proposta d'ensenyament d'aquests conceptes està basada en un enfocament pedagògic que va del més familiar al poc conegut, del concret a l'abstracte i del sensorial a l'invisible.A didactic proposal to teach basic concepts of chemistry (compound, element, mixture etc.) is presented based on alternative definitions with direct, non-specialized language which is closer to the pupils' knowledge. This proposal is based on a pedagogical approach which goes from the familiar to the unknown: from concrete to abstract, and finally from sensory to invisible.En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta didáctica para enseñar conceptos fundamentales de la química (compuesto, elemento, mezcla, etc.) a partir de definiciones con un lenguaje directo, no especializado y, por tanto, más cercano a los conocimientos de los alumnos. La propuesta de enseñanza de estos conceptos está basada en un enfoque pedagógico que va de lo familiar a lo poco conocido, de lo concreto a lo abstracto y de lo sensorial a lo invisible

Development of a global optimization algorithm in ant colonies with feasible region selection for continuous search spaces

En este estudio se introduce un nuevo algoritmo para la metaheurística de optimización de colonias de hormigas (ACO) que se ha desarrollado para resolver problemas de optimización global con variables de decisión continuas. El algoritmo propuesto, denominado ACO-FRS, comprende una estrategia para la selección de regiones factibles para el proceso de optimización y realiza la exploración del espacio de solución de forma similar al proceso que realizan las hormigas para la búsqueda de alimento. Se han evaluado 4 variantes de este algoritmo empleando varios problemas clásicos de optimización global, y los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los informados en la literatura para otros algoritmos del tipo ACO para espacios continuos. En general, los resultados obtenidos indican que la inclusión de una selección de regiones factibles permite realizar una búsqueda global mediante la eventual exploración de regiones con bajos niveles de feromonas, aumentando así la viabilidad del método para la localización de la solución del problema de optimización.This study introduces a new algorithm for the ant colony optimization (ACO) method, which has been proposed to solve global optimization problems with continuous decision variables. This algorithm, namely ACO-FRS, involves a strategy for the selection of feasible regions during optimization search and it performs the exploration of the search space using a similar approach to that used by the ants during the search of food. Four variants of this algorithm have been tested in several benchmark problems and the results of this study have been compared with those reported in literature for other ACO-type methods for continuous spaces. Overall, the results show that the incorporation of the selection of feasible regions allows the performing of a global search to explore those regions with low level of pheromone, thus increasing the feasibility of ACO for finding the global optimal solution.Peer Reviewe

Desarrollo de un algoritmo de optimización global en colonias de hormigas con selección de región factible para espacios continuos

ResumenEn este estudio se introduce un nuevo algoritmo para la metaheurística de optimización de colonias de hormigas (ACO) que se ha desarrollado para resolver problemas de optimización global con variables de decisión continuas. El algoritmo propuesto, denominado ACO-FRS, comprende una estrategia para la selección de regiones factibles para el proceso de optimización y realiza la exploración del espacio de solución de forma similar al proceso que realizan las hormigas para la búsqueda de alimento. Se han evaluado 4variantes de este algoritmo empleando varios problemas clásicos de optimización global, y los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con los informados en la literatura para otros algoritmos del tipo ACO para espacios continuos. En general, los resultados obtenidos indican que la inclusión de una selección de regiones factibles permite realizar una búsqueda global mediante la eventual exploración de regiones con bajos niveles de feromonas, aumentando así la viabilidad del método para la localización de la solución del problema de optimización.AbstractThis study introduces a new algorithm for the ant colony optimization (ACO) method, which has been proposed to solve global optimization problems with continuous decision variables. This algorithm, namely ACO-FRS, involves a strategy for the selection of feasible regions during optimization search and it performs the exploration of the search space using a similar approach to that used by the ants during the search of food. Four variants of this algorithm have been tested in several benchmark problems and the results of this study have been compared with those reported in literature for other ACO-type methods for continuous spaces. Overall, the results show that the incorporation of the selection of feasible regions allows the performing of a global search to explore those regions with low level of pheromone, thus increasing the feasibility of ACO for finding the global optimal solution

Entre gaditanización y romanización: repertorios cerámicos, alimentación e integración cultural en Turdetania (siglos III-I A. C.)

The changes in composition and shapes in domestic wares detected among the communities along the lower Guadalquivir valley, from the 3rdcentury B.C., seem to point to a slow but constant transformation in alimentary habits. On one side is a growing Phoenician influence, reflectedin the emergence of new cooking wares: saucepans, mortars and big bowls, related with new ways of processing and preparing food.Following a parallel evolution, the distribution of salted products, oil and other foodstuffs from the area around the Strait and the Cadiz plain becomes common. However, local cooking wares, mainly saucepans and big, straight-walled bowls, remain dominant at least until the early 1st century B. C., suggesting a low receptivity for changes in cooking practices. The Roman conquest introduced Italian fine wares, without apparently affecting consumption patterns among local populations. In addition,from the 2nd century B. C. and over the following century, the importation and imitation of Italian cooking wares became generalised in indigenous contexts