Gold, Silver and Platinum Nanoparticles: From New Synthetic Routes to Sensing, Catalysis and Bio-Applications

Gold, Silver and Platinum metallic nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools with a wide array of applications in different fields, such as biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental sciences. The modification of nanoparticles´ metal composition, size, and shape lead to totally different properties of the nanomaterial. This tunable versatility is responsible for the vast array of applications of nanomaterials that affects the way we live now and will in the future. The project of this PhD thesis was designed with the main objective of developing new green and sustainable Nano-synthetic methodologies to obtain new Nano-particles for biomedical, chemical and environmental applications. In Chapter two it is described the chemical synthesis of new gold and silver functionalised nanoparticles, engineered to achieve naked-eye detection of a toxic metal ion, namely mercury, in aqueous and non-aqueous liquids. Such achievements were published in the journal Chemistry Open of Wiley, and also highlighted as journal front cover (IF 2.938). In chapters three and four the synthesis of new platinum nanoparticles with spherical or dendritic shapes to be used as catalysts is described. In addition, the catalytic applications were assessed in the reduction of p-nitrophenol in aqueous media. Moreover, our system shows catechol-oxidase activity, which allows oxidation of amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a drug to treat Parkinson disease. The results were published in the Scientific Reports (IF 4.122), and in the Nano Research (IF 7.994), from Springer Nature editorial. In chapter five a new methodology for the preparation of gold nanorods covered with a mesoporous silica shell is described. The new systems were conjugated with doxorubicin and methylene blue and studied as new drug nanocarriers. Properties were successfully tested against Human Breast Adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cells and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as new antibiotics to fight microbial resistance. Results are presented in a manuscript under revision

the role of adenosine monophosphate

Funding Information: The authors acknowledge financial support from the European Innovation Council (Horizon 2020 Project: 965018—BIOCELLPHE), the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (grant PID2019-108954RB-I00), the FSE (“El FSE invierte en tu futuro”), the Xunta de Galicia/FEDER (grant GRC ED431C 2020/09), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, FCT-MCTES (grants UIDB/50006/2020, UIDP/50006/2020 and Met4cat, EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021). J. F.-L. thanks FCT-UNL for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016−Norma Transitória. S. N. thanks the FCT-MCTES Portugal for her doctoral grant associated with the Chemistry PhD program (SFRH/BD/144618/2019). C. F.-L. acknowledges Xunta de Galicia for a predoctoral scholarship (Programa de axudas á etapa predoutoral). C. L., A. F. L., S. N and J. F. L thank the financial support of the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grants 2022-2023) and the Associate Laboratory Research Unit for Green Chemistry-Clean Processes and Technologies - LAQV/REQUIMTE. This work was carried out in part through the use of the INL Advanced Electron Microscopy, Imaging and Spectroscopy Facility and Microscopy Facility at CACTI (Universidade de Vigo). The authors thank Dr. Jamila Djafari for her assistance with the graphical abstract. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Royal Society of Chemistry.The seed-mediated growth of gold nanostructures is known to be strongly dependent not only on the gold seed nanocrystal structure but also on the presence of different additives that may influence the morphology, and therefore the crystalline structure of the final nanoparticle. Among the different additives or capping ligands, biomolecules are an interesting family due to their potential biomedical applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, phototherapy, and antimicrobial activities. Here, we develop a seed-mediated strategy for synthesizing uniform Au nanostars with tuneable optical properties which involves adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as a capping ligand. The experimental data reveal the key role of AMP not just providing colloidal stability and directing the reduction of the gold precursor via complexation but also mediating the anisotropic growth of the Au seeds via its selective adsorption on the different crystalline facets of Au nanoparticles. These observations agree with theoretical simulations carried out using molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Interestingly, the obtained Au nanostars showed high thermal stability as well as colloidal stability in polar organic solvents, which allowed their direct silica coating via the Stöber method. Importantly, we also explored the mimic enzymatic activity of the resulting gold nanostars and observed a superior catalytic activity compared with other gold nanoparticles reported in the literature.publishersversionpublishe

Polymer micro and nanoparticles containing B(III) compounds as emissive soft materials for cargo encapsulation and temperature-dependent applications

Polymer nanoparticles doped with fluorescent molecules are widely applied for biological assays, local temperature measurements, and other bioimaging applications, overcoming several critical drawbacks, such as dye toxicity, increased water solubility, and allowing imaging of dyes/drug delivery in water. In this work, some polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) based micro and nanoparticles with an average size of about 200 nm and encapsulating B(III) compounds have been prepared via the reprecipitation method by using tetrahydrofuran as the oil phase and water. The compounds are highly hydrophobic, but their encapsulation into a polymer matrix allows obtaining stable colloidal dispersions in water (3.39 µM) that maintain the photophysical behavior of these dyes. Although thermally activated non-radiative processes occur by increasing temperature from 25 to 80◦C, the colloidal suspension of the B(III) particles continues to emit greenish light (λ = 509 nm) at high temperatures. When samples are cooling back to room temperature, the emission is restored, being reversible. A probe of concept drug delivery study was conducted using coumarin 6 as a prototype of a hydrophobic drug.publishersversionpublishe

Copper(i) as a reducing agent for the synthesis of bimetallic PtCu catalytic nanoparticles

Funding Information: This work received financial support from PT national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through the projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. S. N., C. L., J. L. C., A. F. L., and J. F. L. are thankful for the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through project Met4Cat, EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021. This work was supported by the Spanish Government and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (project PIE 201980E081). We thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2022). S. N. thanks FCT/MCTEC (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) Portugal for her doctoral grant associated with the Chemistry PhD program (SFRH/ BD/144618/2019). J. F. L. thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016–Norma Transitória. A. F. L., J. F. L., S. N., J. L. C., and C. L. thank FCT/MCTES (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) for the national funds received through the project SiSi4Bacter PTDC/QUI-COL/1517/2020. This work was carried out in part through the use of the INL user facilities. The authors thank Dr Jamila Djafari for the conceptualization and design of the graphical abstract. We also thank Ramiro Martínez from Novozymes for the gift of enzymes. Funding Information: This work received financial support from PT national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through the projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. S. N., C. L., J. L. C., A. F. L., and J. F. L. are thankful for the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through project Met4Cat, EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021. This work was supported by the Spanish Government and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (project PIE 201980E081). We thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2022). S. N. thanks FCT/MCTEC (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) Portugal for her doctoral grant associated with the Chemistry PhD program (SFRH/ BD/144618/2019). J. F. L. thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016-Norma Transitória. A. F. L., J. F. L., S. N., J. L. C., and C. L. thank FCT/MCTES (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) for the national funds received through the project SiSi4Bacter PTDC/QUI-COL/1517/2020. This work was carried out in part through the use of the INL user facilities. The authors thank Dr Jamila Djafari for the conceptualization and design of the graphical abstract. We also thank Ramiro Martínez from Novozymes for the gift of enzymes. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 RSCThis work investigates the potential utilization of Cu(i) as a reducing agent for the transformation of the platinum salt K2PtCl4, resulting in the production of stable nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibit a bimetallic composition, incorporating copper within their final structure. This approach offers a convenient and accessible methodology for the production of bimetallic nanostructures. The catalytic properties of these novel nanomaterials have been explored in various applications, including their use as artificial metalloenzymes and in the degradation of dyes. The findings underscore the significant potential of Cu(i)-mediated reduction in the development of functional nanomaterials with diverse catalytic applications.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Branched Bimetallic AuPd Nanoparticles with a Highly Tunable Optical Response

Funding Information: This work received financial support from Portugal national funds [Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES)] through the Projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. Silvia Nuti, Carlos Lodeiro, José-Luis Capelo-Martinez, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thank the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES) through Project Met4Cat (EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021). The authors thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2023). The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 823717-ESTEEM3, and Ana B. Hungría thanks the financial support from Junta de Andalucía Project P20_00968. Silvia Nuti thanks FCT/MCTEC (Portugal) for her doctoral grant associated with the chemistry Ph.D. program (SFRH/BD/144618/2019). Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016-Norma Transitória. The work was carried out partially through the INL User Facilities (Braga, Portugal) and the Electron Microscope Division (DME) of the Servicios Centrales de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (SC-ICYT) at Cadiz University (Cadiz, Spain). The authors thank Dr. Jamila Djafari for the assistance with the design of the graphical abstract. Funding Information: This work received financial support from Portugal national funds [Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES)] through the Projects UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020. Silvia Nuti, Carlos Lodeiro, José-Luis Capelo-Martinez, Adrián Fernández-Lodeiro, and Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thank the financial support from national funds (FCT/MCTES) through Project Met4Cat (EXPL/QUI-COL/0263/2021). The authors thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2023). The authors acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 823717-ESTEEM3, and Ana B. Hungría thanks the financial support from Junta de Andalucía Project P20_00968. Silvia Nuti thanks FCT/MCTEC (Portugal) for her doctoral grant associated with the chemistry Ph.D. program (SFRH/BD/144618/2019). Javier Fernández-Lodeiro thanks FCT for the research contract through the Program DL 57/2016–Norma Transitória. The work was carried out partially through the INL User Facilities (Braga, Portugal) and the Electron Microscope Division (DME) of the Servicios Centrales de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (SC-ICYT) at Cadiz University (Cadiz, Spain). The authors thank Dr. Jamila Djafari for the assistance with the design of the graphical abstract. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.Bimetallic nanostructures composed of gold (Au) and palladium (Pd) have garnered increased interest for their applications in heterogeneous catalysis. This study reports a simple strategy for manufacturing Au@Pd bimetallic branched nanoparticles (NPs), which offer a tunable optical response, using polyallylamine-stabilized branched AuNPs as template cores for Pd overgrowth. The palladium content can be altered by manipulating the concentration of PdCl42- and ascorbic acid (AA) that are injected, which permit an overgrowth of the Pd shell up to ca. 2 nm thick. The homogeneous distribution of Pd at the surfaces of Au NPs can be carried out regardless of their size or branching degree, which allows for an adjustment of the plasmon response in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range. As a proof of concept, the nanoenzymatic activity of pure gold and gold-palladium NPs was compared, exploring their peroxidase-like activity in the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The bimetallic AuPd NPs demonstrate an increase in the catalytic properties attributed to the presence of palladium at the surface of gold.publishersversionpublishe

Synthesis of mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods loaded with methylene blue and its potentials in antibacterial applications

Funding Information: Funding: We thank the financial support by the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society (Portugal) (General Funding Grant 2019–2020), as well as the Associate Laboratory Research Unit for Green Chemistry— Clean Processes and Technologies—LAQV-REQUIMTE financed by national funds from FCT/MEC (UIDB/04077/2020) and co-financed by the ERDF under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER—007265). J.D.; A.F.-L.; C.L.; J.F.-L. and J.L.C.-M. thanks to the FCT-MEC the research grant SiSi4Bacter (PTDC/QUI-COL/1517/2020). J.F.-L. thank FCT/MEC (Portugal) the junior researcher contract under DL57 pro-gramme. J.D. thanks the Project PTDC/QEQ-MED/2118/2014 for her researcher contract. A.F.-L. thanks the FCT-MEC Portugal for his doctoral grant associated with the Green Chemistry PhD. Program (SFRH/BD/52528/2014) and the PROTEOMASS Scientific Society Postdoctoral grant during August 2019–March 2021. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.In this work, the successful preparation and characterization of gold nanorods (AuNRs) coated with a mesoporous silica shell (AuNRs@Simes) was achieved. Conjugation with methylene blue (MB) as a model drug using ultrasound-stimulated loading has been explored for further application in light-mediated antibacterial studies. Lyophilization of this conjugated nanosystem was analyzed using trehalose (TRH) as a cryogenic protector. The obtained stable dry formulation shows potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria after a simple post-treatment irradiation method with a red laser during a short time period.publishersversionpublishe

Influence of calcium additiions on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated ceramic sanitaryware

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Reig, L., Soriano Martinez, Lourdes, Tashima, M.M., Borrachero Rosado, María Victoria, Monzó Balbuena, José Mª, Paya Bernabeu, Jorge Juan. (2018). Influence of calcium additiions on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated ceramic sanitaryware.Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 101, null, 3094-3104. DOI: 10.1111/jace.15436 , which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15436. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The ceramic sanitary-ware market generates large amounts of waste, both during the production process and due to construction and demolition practices. In this paper, the effect of different amounts and calcium sources (calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, calcium aluminate cement CAC, Portland cement PC) on the alkaline activation of ceramic sanitary-ware waste (CSW) was assessed. Blended samples were activated with NaOH and sodium silicate solutions and cured for 3 and 7 days at 65°C. The maximum amount of calcium source-type added to the system varied according to its influence on the compactability of the mortars.CSW was physico-chemically characterized and the compressive strength development of activated samples was assessed on the mortars. The nature of the reaction products was analyzed in pastes, by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and microscopic studies. The results show a great positive influence with the addition of moderate amounts of Ca(OH)2, PC and CAC on the mechanical properties. Among the typical hydrates usually observed in plain water-hydrated PC or CAC, only AH3 and a small amount of C3AH6 were identified in the alkali-activated CSW/CAC blended pastes, which indicates that Al and Ca from PC, CAC and Ca(OH)2 are taken up in the newly formed (N,C)-A-S-H or C-A-S-H gels.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant/Award Number: APLIGEO BIA2015-70107-R, GEOCEDEM BIA 2011-26947; Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; FEDERReig, L.; Soriano Martinez, L.; Tashima, M.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ. (2018). Influence of calcium additiions on the compressive strength and microstructure of alkali-activated ceramic sanitaryware. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 101:3094-3104. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15436S30943104101Shi, C., Jiménez, A. F., & Palomo, A. (2011). New cements for the 21st century: The pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 750-763. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.016Halicka, A., Ogrodnik, P., & Zegardlo, B. (2013). Using ceramic sanitary ware waste as concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 48, 295-305. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.063Medina, C., Frías, M., & Sánchez de Rojas, M. I. (2012). Microstructure and properties of recycled concretes using ceramic sanitary ware industry waste as coarse aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 31, 112-118. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.075Medina, C., Sánchez de Rojas, M. I., & Frías, M. (2012). Reuse of sanitary ceramic wastes as coarse aggregate in eco-efficient concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(1), 48-54. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.015Guerra, I., Vivar, I., Llamas, B., Juan, A., & Moran, J. (2009). Eco-efficient concretes: The effects of using recycled ceramic material from sanitary installations on the mechanical properties of concrete. Waste Management, 29(2), 643-646. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.018Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2010). Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(5), 832-838. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.023Alves, A. V., Vieira, T. F., de Brito, J., & Correia, J. R. (2014). Mechanical properties of structural concrete with fine recycled ceramic aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 64, 103-113. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.037Medina, C., Banfill, P. F. G., Sánchez de Rojas, M. I., & Frías, M. (2013). Rheological and calorimetric behaviour of cements blended with containing ceramic sanitary ware and construction/demolition waste. Construction and Building Materials, 40, 822-831. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.112Reig, L., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J. M., Savastano, H., Tashima, M. M., & Payá, J. (2015). Use of Ceramic Sanitaryware as an Alternative for the Development of New Sustainable Binders. Key Engineering Materials, 668, 172-180. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.668.172Reig L Soriano L Borrachero MV Monzó J Payá J A new binder from the alkali activation of ceramic sanitary-ware waste Proceedings of the 34th Annual Cement and Concrete Science Conference, and Workshop on Waste Cementation, Sheffield, United Kingdom 2014 291 294Reig, L., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J., & Payá, J. (2016). Influence of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) on alkaline activation of red clay brick waste (RCBW). Cement and Concrete Composites, 65, 177-185. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.10.021Arbi, K., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2013). Alkali-activated blends of calcium aluminate cement and slag/diatomite. Ceramics International, 39(8), 9237-9245. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.031García-Lodeiro, I., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Palomo, A. (2013). Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash–portland cement blends. Cement and Concrete Research, 52, 112-122. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022Reig, L., Tashima, M. M., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J., & Payá, J. (2013). Alkaline Activation of Ceramic Waste Materials. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 4(4), 729-736. doi:10.1007/s12649-013-9197-zReig, L., Soriano, L., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J., & Payá, J. (2014). Influence of the activator concentration and calcium hydroxide addition on the properties of alkali-activated porcelain stoneware. Construction and Building Materials, 63, 214-222. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.023Reig, L., Tashima, M. M., Borrachero, M. V., Monzó, J., Cheeseman, C. R., & Payá, J. (2013). Properties and microstructure of alkali-activated red clay brick waste. Construction and Building Materials, 43, 98-106. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.031Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Carcelen-Taboada, V., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Palomo, A. (2016). Manufacture of hybrid cements with fly ash and bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator. Construction and Building Materials, 105, 218-226. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.079Fernández-Jiménez, A., Palomo, Á., Vazquez, T., Vallepu, R., Terai, T., & Ikeda, K. (2008). Alkaline Activation of Blends of Metakaolin and Calcium Aluminate. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 91(4), 1231-1236. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02002.xCriado, M., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Palomo, A. (2007). Alkali activation of fly ash: Effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 106(1-3), 180-191. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.02.055Fernández-Jiménez, A., Vázquez, T., & Palomo, A. (2011). Effect of Sodium Silicate on Calcium Aluminate Cement Hydration in Highly Alkaline Media: A Microstructural Characterization. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 94(4), 1297-1303. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04242.xBernal, S. A., de Gutierrez, R. M., Provis, J. L., & Rose, V. (2010). Effect of silicate modulus and metakaolin incorporation on the carbonation of alkali silicate-activated slags. Cement and Concrete Research, 40(6), 898-907. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.003Pacewska, B., Nowacka, M., Antonovič, V., & Aleknevičius, M. (2012). Investigation of early hydration of high aluminate cement-based binder at different ambient temperatures. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 109(2), 717-726. doi:10.1007/s10973-012-2233-6Mas, M. A., Monzó, J., Payá, J., Reig, L., & Borrachero, M. V. (2016). Ceramic tiles waste as replacement material in Portland cement. Advances in Cement Research, 28(4), 221-232. doi:10.1680/jadcr.15.00021Hidalgo, A., García, J. L., Alonso, M. C., Fernández, L., & Andrade, C. (2009). Microstructure development in mixes of calcium aluminate cement with silica fume or fly ash. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 96(2), 335-345. doi:10.1007/s10973-007-8439-3Pacewska, B., Wilińska, I., & Nowacka, M. (2011). Studies on the influence of different fly ashes and Portland cement on early hydration of calcium aluminate cement. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 106(3), 859-868. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1570-1Fernández-Carrasco, L., & Vázquez, E. (2009). Reactions of fly ash with calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulphate. Fuel, 88(9), 1533-1538. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.018Fernández-Carrasco, L., Torréns-Martín, D., & Martínez-Ramírez, S. (2012). Carbonation of ternary building cementing materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(10), 1180-1186. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.016García Lodeiro, I., Macphee, D. E., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2009). Effect of alkalis on fresh C–S–H gels. FTIR analysis. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(3), 147-153. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.01.003Lavat, A. E., Trezza, M. A., & Poggi, M. (2009). Characterization of ceramic roof tile wastes as pozzolanic admixture. Waste Management, 29(5), 1666-1674. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.019Garcia-Lodeiro, I., Palomo, A., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Macphee, D. E. (2011). Compatibility studies between N-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels. Study in the ternary diagram Na2O–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(9), 923-931. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.006Fernández-Carrasco, L., & Vázquez, T. (1996). Aplicación de la espectroscopia infrarroja al estudio de cemento aluminoso. Materiales de Construcción, 46(241), 39-51. doi:10.3989/mc.1996.v46.i241.540Rees, C. A., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2007). Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Fly Ash Geopolymer Gel Aging. Langmuir, 23(15), 8170-8179. doi:10.1021/la700713gGranizo, M. L., Alonso, S., Blanco-Varela, M. T., & Palomo, A. (2004). Alkaline Activation of Metakaolin: Effect of Calcium Hydroxide in the Products of Reaction. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 85(1), 225-231. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00070.xLiu, Y., Yan, C., Qiu, X., Li, D., Wang, H., & Alshameri, A. (2016). Preparation of faujasite block from fly ash-based geopolymer via in-situ hydrothermal method. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 59, 433-439. doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.01

Exploring the Control in Antibacterial Activity of Silver Triangular Nanoplates by Surface Coating Modulation

In the present work, the synthesis and characterization of silver triangular nanoplates (AgNTs) and their silica coating composites are reported. Engineering control on the surface coating has demonstrated the possibility to modulate the antibacterial effect. Several AgNT-coated nanomaterials, such as PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) and MHA (16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid) as a stable organic coating system as well as uniform silica coating (≈5 nm) of AgNTs, have been prepared and fully characterized. The antibacterial properties of the systems reported, organic (MHA) and inorganic (amine and carboxylic terminated SiO2) coating nanocomposites, have been tested on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. We observed that the AgNTs' organic coating improved antimicrobial properties when compared to other spherical silver colloids found in the literature. We have also found that thick inorganic silica coating decreases the antimicrobial effect, but does not cancel it. In addition, the effect of surface charge in AgNTs@Si seems to play a crucial role toward S. aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria, obtaining MIC/MBC values compared to the AgNTs with an organic coating

Propuesta de intervención: educación afectivo-sexual dirigida a jóvenes

Este trabajo de Fin de Grado se ha planteado como una propuesta de intervención socioeducativa en el ámbito de la Educación Sexual, enfocado a los jóvenes, un colectivo desinformado. Para abordar dicho trabajo, se presentará una serie de objetivos primordiales, así como una justificación detallada sobre la relevancia de ofrecer Educación Sexual a los jóvenes y la relación existente con la Educación Social. En esta línea, se detallará una propuesta de intervención concreta en un barrio de Valladolid; con posibles adaptaciones según el transcurso de las formaciones.This final Degree Proyect has been proposed as a proposal for socio-educational intervention, in the field of Sex Education, focused on young people, an uninformed collective. To address this work, Will be presented a primary objectives, as well as a detailed justification on the relevance of offering Sex Education to Young people and the existing relationship with Social Education. In this line, a proposal for concrete intervention in a neighborhood of Valladolid will be detailed; with possible adaptations according to the course of the formations.Departamento de PedagogíaGrado en Educación Socia