Identificação do vírus do mosaico do tomateiro (ToMV) Tobamovirus, por meio de anticorpos monoclonais

O tomateiro é uma olerícola de grande importância econômica e uma das mais suscetíveis a viroses, dentre as quais, a causada pelo vírus do mosaico do tomateiro (ToMV), gênero Tobamovirus, que tem como sintomas mosaico verde claro-escuro nas folhas, afilamento dos folíolos e diminuição da produção, entre outros sintomas. Visando a identificação do ToMV, foram produzidos anticorpos monoclonais (MAbs), testados através de PTA- ELISA ("plate trapped antigen- enzyme linked immunoassay"). O MAb (10.H1) foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade de identificação do ToMV em testes no campo em plantas de tomate infectadas. O MAb não apresentou reação cruzada com TMV (tobamovirus do mosaico do tabaco) nem com extrato de plantas sadias. O ToMV das amostras foi isolado, purificado e re-inoculado em plantas de tomateiro e de tabaco, para confirmação dos sintomas. Em "immunobloting" o MAb 10.H1 reconheceu somente a proteína referente à capa protéica do ToMV (de 17,5 kDa). A especificidade do MAb 10.H1 pode permitir o diagnóstico precoce desta doença na fase de plântulas, ainda em casa de vegetação, evitando assim a disseminação desta virose no campo.Tomato is a highly important crop for the world economy, and very susceptible to virus diseases, among them the tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV), which causes light and dark green mosaic in the leaves, decreases yield, among other symptoms. With the aim of early identifying ToMV in biological material, harvested from crop fields, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against ToMV. The MAb 10.H1 tested through PTA-ELISA (Plate Trapped Antigen--Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay), does not cross-react with TMV (tobacco mosaic tobamovirus) or with proteins extracted from plant sap. The MAb was able to identify ToMV from infected plants. The ToMV was isolated, purified and used to re-inoculate tobacco and tomato plants to confirm the symptoms. In immunoblotting assays the MAb recognizes only the band corresponding to the coat protein of the ToMV (17.5 kDa). The MAb 10.H1 opens the possibility to identify ToMV in tomato seedlings avoiding its dissemination in cropped fields

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Chemical studies of antifungic compounds from Solanum lycopersicum against Moniliophthora perniciosa

O fungo fitopatogênico hemibiotrófico Moniliophthora perniciosa, causador da doença Vassoura-de-Bruxa no cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao), é um dos maiores responsáveis pela contribuição do declínio da produção brasileira de cacau e constitui um problema fitopatológico em todas as regiões cacauicultoras. O gênero Solanum, do qual faz parte o tomate, berinjela, batata entre outros, é bem conhecido na literatura por conterem compostos que exibem atividade biológica tais como antifúngica, antiviral, moluscida, anticancerígena entre outras. O presente trabalho explorou o potencial de extrato bruto de folhas de Solanum lycopersicum como agente inibidor no controle de crescimento e desenvolvimento de três biotipos de M. perniciosa (cacau, solanácea e liana). Através de ensaios biológicos e métodos cromatográficos foi identificado o metabólito secundário -tomatina como responsável pela atividade antifúngica. Este glicoalcalóide, que apresentou potente atividade antifúngica em ensaios in vitro, foi utilizado como agente de controle no desenvolvimento do fungo e manifestação dos sintomas em plantas in vivo, onde foi verificado uma redução significativa no número de plantas com sintomas.The hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungi Moniliophthora perniciosa, agent of witches broom disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of the major responsible for the Brazilian cocoa production decay and it is a phytopathological problem in every cocoa yield area. Solanum genera, from each belongs tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, among others, is well known as producer of biological activity such as antifungal, antiviral, anti mollus, anticancer, etc. This study explored the potential of crude extract leaves from Solanum lycopersicum as an inhibitor agent for the control of growing and development of three M. perniciosa biotypes. By the use of biological assays and chromatography, -tomatine, a secondary metabolite was identified as responsible for antifungal activity. This glycoalcaloid presented great antifungal activity on in vitro assays and it was used on the control and development of witches broom symptoms in vivo, where a significant reduction of symptomatic plants could be observed

A vector carrying the GFP gene (Green fluorescent protein) as a yeast marker for fermentation processes Um vetor com o gene da GFP (Green fluorescent protein) para a marcação de leveduras em processos fermentativos

Contaminant yeasts spoil pure culture fermentations and cause great losses in quality and product yields. They can be detected by a variety of methods although none being so efficient for early detection of contaminant yeast cells that appear at low frequency. Pure cultures bearing genetic markers can ease the direct identification of cells and colonies among contaminants. Fast and easy detection are desired and morphological markers would even help the direct visualization of marked pure cultures among contaminants. The GFP gene for green fluorescent protein of Aquorea victoria, proved to be a very efficient marker to visualize transformed cells in mixed populations and tissues. To test this marker in the study of contaminated yeast fermentations, the GFP gene was used to construct a vector under the control of the ADH2 promoter (pYGFP3). Since ADH2 is repressed by glucose the expression of the protein would not interfere in the course of fermentation. The transformed yeasts with the vector pYGFP3 showed high stability and high bioluminescence to permit identification of marked cells among a mixed population of cells. The vector opens the possibility to conduct further studies aiming to develop an efficient method for early detection of spoilage yeasts in industrial fermentative processes.<br>Leveduras contaminantes podem causar grandes perdas em processos fermentativos quando infectam culturas puras e degradam a qualidade do produto final. Estas leveduras podem ser detectadas por diversos métodos mas nenhum deles oferece resultados com a exatidão e precisão necessárias, quando os contaminantes estão em baixa freqüência. Culturas puras contendo um gene marcador podem ser utilizadas para a direta identificação de células e colônias contaminantes. Detecção rápida e fácil é desejada e marcadores morfológicos podem auxiliar na visualização da cultura marcada. O gene da GFP (green fluorescent protein) extraído da Aequorea victoria mostrou-se eficiente para marcação de células, oferecendo ainda uma fácil visualização das populações e tecidos marcados. Para testar este marcador no estudo de leveduras contaminantes, o gene GFP foi usado para construir um vetor, sob o controle do promotor de ADH2, que é reprimido por glicose, não interferindo assim em nenhuma etapa do processo. A inserção do vetor com a GFP (pYGFP3) em leveduras foi um sucesso, demonstrando alta estabilidade e oferecendo com certeza, um novo método com alta eficiência para o controle de contaminantes em processos fermentativos além de servir como marcador destinado a proteção industrial do material genético

Identificação do vírus do mosaico do tomateiro (ToMV) Tobamovirus, por meio de anticorpos monoclonais

O tomateiro é uma olerícola de grande importância econômica e uma das mais suscetíveis a viroses, dentre as quais, a causada pelo vírus do mosaico do tomateiro (ToMV), gênero Tobamovirus, que tem como sintomas mosaico verde claro-escuro nas folhas, afilamento dos folíolos e diminuição da produção, entre outros sintomas. Visando a identificação do ToMV, foram produzidos anticorpos monoclonais (MAbs), testados através de PTA- ELISA ("plate trapped antigen- enzyme linked immunoassay"). O MAb (10.H1) foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade de identificação do ToMV em testes no campo em plantas de tomate infectadas. O MAb não apresentou reação cruzada com TMV (tobamovirus do mosaico do tabaco) nem com extrato de plantas sadias. O ToMV das amostras foi isolado, purificado e re-inoculado em plantas de tomateiro e de tabaco, para confirmação dos sintomas. Em "immunobloting" o MAb 10.H1 reconheceu somente a proteína referente à capa protéica do ToMV (de 17,5 kDa). A especificidade do MAb 10.H1 pode permitir o diagnóstico precoce desta doença na fase de plântulas, ainda em casa de vegetação, evitando assim a disseminação desta virose no campo

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora