Effect of High‐Dose Sodium Bicarbonate on the Vasopressor Effects of Epinephrine During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90107/1/j.1875-9114.1995.tb02876.x.pd

Determination of advection and diffusion in a thermohaline staircase region

Thesis (M.S.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 1988."October 1987."Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-89).Thermohaline staircases consisting of a series of well mixed layers approximately 30 m thick are found at depths of 300-500 m in a region of the tropical North Atlantic spanning 48° to 58°W, 8° to 17° N. Density ratios ( ... ) with values near 1 indicate a double diffusive origin for the structure (Schmitt, 1981,1986). Determining the importance of double-diffusive mixing to the regional advection - diffusion balance is the subject of this study. Using hydrographic and current meter data collected in the C-SALT program of 1985 (Schmitt, 1987), we construct inverse models in both cartesian and density coordinates and seek bounds on the cross isopycnal mixing in the staircase region. In cartesian coordinates, the role of diffusion was not well resolved, probably due to inadequacy of the steady state model in the presence of eddies. By reformulating the problem in boxes bounded by isopycnals which more closely follow the layers, and solving directly for cross isopycnal fluxes of salt and heat, the resolution of the diffusivities was improved. Inversions were done on data from the spring and fall CTD surveys. The average salt diffusivity in the step region was estimated from the isopycnal inversions to be ks = (2.8 + 1.3)cm2 /s in spring and ks = (3.9 ± 2.2)cm2 /s in fall.by Joyce Marie Federiuk.M.S

Building a high-quality sense inventory for improved abbreviation disambiguation

Motivation: The ultimate goal of abbreviation management is to disambiguate every occurrence of an abbreviation into its expanded form (concept or sense). To collect expanded forms for abbreviations, previous studies have recognized abbreviations and their expanded forms in parenthetical expressions of bio-medical texts. However, expanded forms extracted by abbreviation recognition are mixtures of concepts/senses and their term variations. Consequently, a list of expanded forms should be structured into a sense inventory, which provides possible concepts or senses for abbreviation disambiguation

An Alternative Sodium Bicarbonate Regimen During Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Canine Model

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90105/1/j.1875-9114.1994.tb02792.x.pd

Observations of near-inertial current variability on the New England shelf

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005): C02012, doi:10.1029/2004JC002341.Observations from the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) moored array (deployed from August 1996 through June 1997) and supplemental moored observations are used to describe near-inertial current variability over the New England shelf. Near-inertial band current variance comprises 10–20% of the total observed current variance, and has episodic peak speeds exceeding 30 cm s−1. Near-inertial current variability during CMO is characterized by a first baroclinic mode vertical structure with one zero-crossing between 15 and 50 m. The zero-crossing is shallower during periods of stronger stratification. Laterally, near-inertial variability is coherent over the extent of the CMO moored array, and cross-shelf decorrelation scales for near-inertial currents are about 100 km, approximately the entire shelf width. The magnitude of near-surface near-inertial variability is stronger in the summer and weaker in the winter, following the seasonal variation in stratification and opposite the seasonal cycle in wind stress variance. During CMO, near-surface near-inertial kinetic energy is inversely related to surface mixed layer depth. Near-inertial variance decreases onshore, matching approximately the cross-shelf decrease in near-inertial energy predicted by a two-dimensional, linear, flat-bottom, two-layer, coastal wall model. In this model, the nullifying effects of a baroclinic wave emanating from the coastal wall play a dominant role in controlling the onshore decrease. Finally, strong persistent anticyclonic relative vorticity shifts near-inertial variability on the New England shelf to subinertial frequencies.Funding for the CMO experiment and subsequent analysis was provided by the Office of Naval Research under grants N00014-95-1-0339 and N00014-01-1-0140

Abbreviation definition identification based on automatic precision estimates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The rapid growth of biomedical literature presents challenges for automatic text processing, and one of the challenges is abbreviation identification. The presence of unrecognized abbreviations in text hinders indexing algorithms and adversely affects information retrieval and extraction. Automatic abbreviation definition identification can help resolve these issues. However, abbreviations and their definitions identified by an automatic process are of uncertain validity. Due to the size of databases such as MEDLINE only a small fraction of abbreviation-definition pairs can be examined manually. An automatic way to estimate the accuracy of abbreviation-definition pairs extracted from text is needed. In this paper we propose an abbreviation definition identification algorithm that employs a variety of strategies to identify the most probable abbreviation definition. In addition our algorithm produces an accuracy estimate, pseudo-precision, for each strategy without using a human-judged gold standard. The pseudo-precisions determine the order in which the algorithm applies the strategies in seeking to identify the definition of an abbreviation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>On the Medstract corpus our algorithm produced 97% precision and 85% recall which is higher than previously reported results. We also annotated 1250 randomly selected MEDLINE records as a gold standard. On this set we achieved 96.5% precision and 83.2% recall. This compares favourably with the well known Schwartz and Hearst algorithm.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We developed an algorithm for abbreviation identification that uses a variety of strategies to identify the most probable definition for an abbreviation and also produces an estimated accuracy of the result. This process is purely automatic.</p

Click-words: learning to predict document keywords from a user perspective

Motivation: Recognizing words that are key to a document is important for ranking relevant scientific documents. Traditionally, important words in a document are either nominated subjectively by authors and indexers or selected objectively by some statistical measures. As an alternative, we propose to use documents' words popularity in user queries to identify click-words, a set of prominent words from the users' perspective. Although they often overlap, click-words differ significantly from other document keywords

The subtropical nutrient spiral

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 (2003): 1110, doi:10.1029/2003GB002085.We present an extended series of observations and more comprehensive analysis of a tracer-based measure of new production in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda using the 3He flux gauge technique. The estimated annually averaged nitrate flux of 0.84 ± 0.26 mol m−2 yr−1 constitutes only that nitrate physically transported to the euphotic zone, not nitrogen from biological sources (e.g., nitrogen fixation or zooplankton migration). We show that the flux estimate is quantitatively consistent with other observations, including decade timescale evolution of the 3H + 3He inventory in the main thermocline and export production estimates. However, we argue that the flux cannot be supplied in the long term by local diapycnal or isopycnal processes. These considerations lead us to propose a three-dimensional pathway whereby nutrients remineralized within the main thermocline are returned to the seasonally accessible layers within the subtropical gyre. We describe this mechanism, which we call “the nutrient spiral,” as a sequence of steps where (1) nutrient-rich thermocline waters are entrained into the Gulf Stream, (2) enhanced diapycnal mixing moves nutrients upward onto lighter densities, (3) detrainment and enhanced isopycnal mixing injects these waters into the seasonally accessible layer of the gyre recirculation region, and (4) the nutrients become available to biota via eddy heaving and wintertime convection. The spiral is closed when nutrients are utilized, exported, and then remineralized within the thermocline. We present evidence regarding the characteristics of the spiral and discuss some implications of its operation within the biogeochemical cycle of the subtropical ocean.This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (OCE-0221247) and NSF/ONR NOPP (N000140210370)