Camprarison of different Turbulent Modeling on Rotating Airfoil with Corolios and centrifugal accelaration

The blades moving in a circular path have many industrial applications, these include their use in some turbomachines. In more modern turbo machines, such as jet engine compressors, the flow conditions are completely incompressible. On the other hand, 2-D study of the flow around these blades, which shows many characteristics of the flow and to simplify the matter, it is usually unavoidable. In this regard, the simulation method LES and RANS in order to simulate the flow around the NACA0012 airfoil, different modes of fixed and rotating airfoil with opposite attack angle and 3-D impeller mode have been implemented. Lift coefficient, drag coefficient, torque and mass flow of S-A, RNG, SST, RSM and LES models are compared. Among the turbulence methods, the best result for Lift coefficient, drag coefficient and torque coefficient and mass flow of LES method is obtained. In according to, adding "the work of centrifugal forces and Coriolis acceleration" to Momentum equation, a better and more accurate convergence has been achieved compared to the works of others

Estimating the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using population level pharmacy claims data: A cross-sectional study

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes using a national pharmacy claims database. Research design and methods: We used data from the Health Service Executive-Primary Care Reimbursement Service database in Ireland for this cross-sectional study. Prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent, irrespective of insulin use, in 2012. Incident cases were individuals using an oral hypoglycemic agent in 2012 who had not used one in the past. Population level estimates were calculated and stratified by age and sex. Results: In 2012, there were 114 957 prevalent cases of type 2 diabetes giving a population prevalence of 2.51% (95% CI 2.49% to 2.52%). Among adults (≥15yrs), this was 3.16% (95% CI 3.15% to 3.18%). The highest prevalence was in those aged 70+ years (12.1%). 21 574 people developed type 2 diabetes in 2012 giving an overall incidence of 0.48% (95% CI 0.48% to 0.49%). In adults, this was 0.60% (95% CI 0.60% to 0.61%). Incidence rose with age to a maximum of 2.08% (95% CI 2.02% to 2.15%) in people aged 65-69 years. Men had a higher prevalence (2.96% vs 2.04%) and incidence (0.54% vs 0.41%) of type 2 diabetes than women. Conclusions: Pharmacy claims data allow estimates of objectively defined type 2 diabetes at the population level using up-to-date data. These estimates can be generated quickly to inform health service planning or to evaluate the impact of population level interventions

Integration of machine learning and metaanalysis identifies the transcriptomic biosignature of mastitis disease in cattle

This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) are assumed to be among the main agents that cause severe mastitis disease with clinical signs in dairy cattle. Rapid detection of this disease is so important in order to prevent transmission to other cows and helps to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics. With the rapid progress in high-throughput technologies, and accumulation of various kinds of ‘-omics’ data in public repositories, there is an opportunity to retrieve, integrate, and reanalyze these resources to improve the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases and to provide mechanistic insights into host resistance in an efficient way. Meta-analysis is a relatively inexpensive option with good potential to increase the statistical power and generalizability of single-study analysis. In the current meta-analysis research, six microarray-based studies that investigate the transcriptome profile of mammary gland tissue after induced mastitis by E. coli infection were used. This meta-analysis not only reinforced the findings in individual studies, but also several novel terms including responses to hypoxia, response to drug, anti-apoptosis and positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter enriched by up-regulated genes. Finally, in order to identify the small sets of genes that are sufficiently informative in E. coli mastitis, the differentially expressed gene introduced by meta-analysis were prioritized by using ten different attribute weighting algorithms. Twelve meta-genes were detected by the majority of attribute weighting algorithms (with weight above 0.7) as most informative genes including CXCL8 (IL8), NFKBIZ, HP, ZC3H12A, PDE4B, CASP4, CXCL2, CCL20, GRO1(CXCL1), CFB, S100A9, and S100A8. Interestingly, the results have been demonstrated that all of these genes are the key genes in the immune response, inflammation or mastitis. The Decision tree models efficiently discovered the best combination of the meta-genes as bio-signature and confirmed that some of the top-ranked genes -ZC3H12A, CXCL2, GRO, CFB- as biomarkers for E. coli mastitis (with the accuracy 83% in average). This research properly indicated that by combination of two novel data mining tools, meta-analysis and machine learning, increased power to detect most informative genes that can help to improve the diagnosis and treatment strategies for E. coli associated with mastitis in cattle

Особливості розвитку освітнього потенціалу України в умовах глобалізації

BACKGROUND: Recommended screening to identify children at risk for diabetes and its precursors impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and insulin resistance (IR) is fasted plasma glucose (FPG). This study evaluates the added value of fasted plasma insulin (FPI). METHODS: This study analyzed routinely collected data of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 311 obese children (age 10.8 ± 3.2 years). Diabetes and IGT were defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria, IR as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR ≥3.4. RESULTS: Cases diagnosed with an OGTT if FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L, compared with an OGTT performed if FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L or HOMA-IR ≥3.4, were, respectively, 4 (80%) versus 5 (100%) with diabetes, 7 (28%) versus 16 (64%) with IGT, and 0 (0%) versus 93 (100%) with IR. CONCLUSIONS: Screening with FPG and FPI has equal burden compared with screening with FPG alone, identifies all patients with diabetes, and identifies more patients with precursors of diabetes

Continuing rise of Type 2 diabetes incidence in children and young people in the UK

Aims To estimate the incidence of Type 2 diabetes in children aged <17 years, compare this with similar data 10 years ago, and characterize clinical features at diagnosis in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Methods Using the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit reporting framework, cases of Type 2 diabetes diagnosed in children aged <17 years between 1 April 2015 and 30 April 2016 were reported each month. Results A total of 106 cases were reported, giving a UK incidence of 0.72/100 000 (95% CI 0.58–0.88). Children from ethnic minorities had significantly higher incidence compared with white children (0.44/100 000) with rates of 2.92/100 000 and 1.67/100 000, in Asian and BACBB (black/African/Caribbean/black British) children respectively. Sixty-seven percent were girls and 81% had a family history of Type 2 diabetes. The mean BMI sd score at diagnosis was 2.89 (2.88, girls; 2.92, boys); 81% were obese. Children of Asian ethnicity had a significantly lower BMI sd score compared with white children (P<0.001). There was a trend in increased incidence from 2005 to 2015, with a rate ratio of 1.35 (95% CI 0.99–1.84), although this was not statistically significant (P=0.062). There was statistical evidence of increased incidence among girls (P=0.03) and children of South-Asian ethnicity (P=0.01) when comparing the 2005 and 2015 surveys. Conclusions Type 2 diabetes remains far less common than Type 1 diabetes in childhood in the UK, but the number of cases continues to rise, with significantly increased incidence among girls and South-Asian children over a decade. Female gender, family history, non-white ethnicity and obesity were found to be strongly associated with the condition

Sleep, obesity and cardiometabolic disease in children and adolescents

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus was previously limited to adults, but in recent decades, there has been an increased prevalence among children and adolescents. Given the cost burden and a plethora of adverse consequences with which these diseases are associated, obesity and cardiometabolic diseases now pose a major public health challenge. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are chronic conditions that commonly track into adulthood and also increase the likelihood of cardiovascular consequences. While these diseases can be caused by genetics, they are largely driven by lifestyle behaviors. Attempts at addressing the global epidemic have targeted behavior modification such as increasing physical activity levels and controlling dietary intake in the hope of restoring energy balance. Sleep impinges on both side of the energy balance equation and there is now an abundance of evidence to suggest that multiple features of sleep may be contributing to the onset and progression of these chronic conditions, which are discussed in this chapter. In particular, we discuss the literature pertaining to the relationship between sleep and obesity as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, while also drawing upon crucial information from adult studies. We also highlight potential mechanisms and make recommendations for future approaches which may enhance the effectiveness of interventions targeting the global epidemic of childhood obesity, which is the main driver of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases

Empagliflozin cardiovascular and renal effectiveness and safety compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors across 11 countries in Europe and Asia : Results from the EMPagliflozin compaRative effectIveness and SafEty (EMPRISE) study

Background: Continued expansion of indications for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increases importance of evaluating cardiovascular and kidney efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to similar therapies. Methods: The EMPRISE Europe and Asia study is a non-interventional cohort study using data from 2014 -2019 in seven European (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) and four Asian (Israel, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) countries. Patients with type 2 diabetes initiating empagliflozin were 1:1 propensity score matched to patients initiating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Primary end-points included hospitalization for heart failure, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke. Other cardiovascular, renal, and safety outcomes were examined.Findings: Among 83,946 matched patient pairs, (0.7 years overall mean follow-up time), initiation of empagli-flozin was associated with lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (Hazard Ratio 0.70; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.83). Risks of all-cause mortality (0.55; 0.48 to 0.63), stroke (0. 82; 0.71 to 0.96), and end-stage renal disease (0.43; 0.30 to 0.63) were lower and risk for myocardial infarc-tion, bone fracture, severe hypoglycemia, and lower-limb amputation were similar between initiators of empagliflozin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Initiation of empagliflozin was associated with higher risk for diabetic ketoacidosis (1.97; 1.28 to 3.03) compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Results were consistent across continents and regions.Interpretation: Results from this EMPRISE Europe and Asia study complements previous clinical trials and real-world studies by providing further evidence of the beneficial cardiorenal effects and overall safety of empagliflozin compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Peer reviewe

Pediatric Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus : Epidemiology, Comorbidities, and Medication Utilization

The numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) are increasing globally, both in adults and children. Pediatric diabetes mellitus is an important health concern, since this disease has significant effects on health and quality of life, social function, use of medical services and reduced employability in early adulthood resulting in a huge economic burden. The Netherlands is a country with high incidence of pediatric diabetes, but little is known on current trends in pediatric diabetes, comorbidities, and medication utilization in these patients. Therefore, we aimed to study the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in children, and to investigate screening methods, risk factors, comorbidities, and patterns of medication utilization in this population. In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence rates of pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) was 25.2/100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI), 23.7-26.8) person-years (PY) and the prevalence was 174.4/100,000 (95% CI, 170.2-178.5) children. During the period 1998-2011, both incidence and prevalence rates of pediatric T1D in the Netherlands increased by about 3.7% per year. We also observed a shift towards older age at the onset of T1D. From several studies in the current thesis, it appeared that a substantial number of diseases (e.g. mental disorders, anemia, and diseases of the digestive system) and drugs (e.g. ‘‘systemic hormonal preparations’’, medications for ‘‘blood and blood forming organs’’, ‘‘alimentary tract and metabolism’’, and ‘‘anti-infectives for systemic use’’) or the underlying diseases for which these drugs were prescribed were significantly more prevalent among patients who eventually developed T1D compared with diabetes-free controls. Furthermore, children with T1D are at increased risk of developing different chronic comorbidities e.g. thyroid disease, non-infectious enteritis and colitis, cardiovascular disorders, mental disorders, epilepsy, and (obstructive) pulmonary disease. These children received more antibacterials, antimycotics, antivirals, and second-line antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, quinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems compared to diabetes-free children. In a systematic review of all available population-based studies on the epidemiology of pediatric type 2 diabetes (T2D), we found huge variations in the global rates of this disease which were mainly related to the differences in the study population characteristics and methodological differences. These findings highlighted the importance of continuing to follow global trends in the incidence and prevalence rates of T2D in the young population and to use a valid study design, appropriate diagnostic tools and the same diagnostic criteria as this disease can remain undiagnosed for many years. Therefore it is important to use distinctive tests and appropriate time intervals to screen children at risk for this disease. We identified that screening children at risk for T2D with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) tests identifies all patients with diabetes, and more patients with precursors of diabetes. We also observed that the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended screening interval of 3-years for children at risk for T2D is not too long based on the fact that none of our study participants developed this disease in this time interval. From 1998 to 2011, increasing trends were observed in the incidence and prevalence rates of oral anti-diabetic (OAD) medication use among children and adolescents aged 0-19 years in the Netherlands which warrants further research to identify the indications for prescribing these medications and to find optimal treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes