The effect of passive heating on heat shock protein 70 and interleukin-6: a possible treatment tool for metabolic diseases?

Increasing physical activity remains the most widely publicized way of improving health and wellbeing. However, in populations that benefit most from exercise (EX), adherence is often poor and alternatives to EX are important to bring about health improvements. Recent work suggests a role for passive heating (PH) and heat shock proteins (HSP) in improving cardio-metabolic health. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of HSP70 and interleukin-6 in response to either EX or PH and the subsequent effect on glucose control. Fourteen males volunteered and were categorized lean (BMI 23.5 ± 2.2 kg·m−2) or overweight (29.2 ± 2.7 kg·m−2) and completed 60 minutes of either moderate cycling at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (EX) or warm water immersion in 40°C water (PH). Extracellular HSP70 increased from baseline in both conditions with no differences between PH (0.98 ± 1.1 ng·mL−1) or EX (0.84 ± 1.0 ng·mL−1, p = 0.814). IL-6 increased following both conditions with a two-fold increase after PH and four-fold after EX. Energy expenditure increased by 61.0 ± 14.4 kcal·h−1 (79%) after PH. Peak glucose concentration after a meal immediately following PH was reduced when compared with EX (6.3 ± 1.4 mmol·L−1 versus 6.8 ± 1.2 mmol·L−1; p < 0.05). There was no difference in 24-hour glucose area under the curve (AUC) between conditions. These data indicate the potential for thermal therapy as an alternative treatment and management strategy for those at risk of developing metabolic disease where adherence, or ability to EX, may be compromised

Overexpression of HSP70 in mouse skeletal muscle protects against muscle damage and age‐related muscle dysfunction

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/1/fsb2fj030395fje-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/2/fsb2fj030395fje.pd

The threshold ambient temperature for the use of precooling to improve cycling time-trial performance

Purpose: Cycling time trial performance can be compromised by moderate to high ambient temperatures. It has become commonplace to implement pre-cooling prior to competition to alleviate this performance decline. However, little is known about the ambient temperature threshold above which pre-cooling becomes an effective strategy for enhancing endurance performance. It was the aim of this study to investigate the effect of pre-cooling in different environmental temperatures on time trial performance. Methods: Trained cyclists completed two time trials with (COLD) and without (CON) pre-cooling using an ice-vest and sleeves ensemble in ambient temperatures of 24˚C, 27˚C and 35˚C. Results: Time trial performance faster following COLD in both 35˚C (6.2%) and 27˚C (2.6%; both P<0.05) but not 24˚C (1.2%). Magnitude based inferential statistics indicate that COLD was very likely beneficial to performance in 35˚C and likely beneficial in 27˚C and possibly beneficial in 24°C. Mean power was 2.4%, 2.5% and 5.6% higher following COLD and considered to be likely beneficial in 24°C and very likely beneficial in 27˚C and 35˚C. COLD reduced mean skin temperature throughout the warm-up and into the time trial in all ambient temperatures (P<0.05). Sweat loss was lower following COLD in 24˚C and 27˚C but not 35˚C. There was no effect of COLD on gastrointestinal temperature at any point. Conclusions: Pre-cooling with an ice-vest and sleeves is likely to have a positive effect on time trial performance at temperatures above 24˚C, with a clear relationship between ambient temperature and the magnitude of effect of pre-coolin

Formation of 3-nitrotyrosines in carbonic anhydrase III is a sensitive marker of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle

Oxidation of skeletal muscle proteins has been reported to occur following contractions, with ageing, and with a variety of disease states, but the nature of the oxidised proteins has not been identified. A proteomics approach was utilised to identify major proteins that contain carbonyls and/or 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) groups in the gastrocnemius (GTN) muscles of adult (5–11 14months of age) and old (26–28 14months of age) wild type (WT) mice and adult mice lacking copper, zinc superoxide dismutase ( Sod1 −/− mice), manganese superoxide dismutase ( Sod2 +/− mice) or glutathione peroxidase 1 ( GPx1 −/− mice). In quiescent GTN muscles of adult and old WT mice, protein carbonylation and/or formation of 3-NT occurred in several proteins involved in glycolysis, as well as creatine kinase and carbonic anhydrase III. Following contractions, the 3-NT intensity was increased in specific protein bands from GTN muscles of both adult and old WT mice. In quiescent GTN muscles from adult Sod1 −/− , Sod2 +/− or GPx1 −/− mice compared with age-matched WT mice only carbonic anhydrase III showed a greater 3-NT content. We conclude that formation of 3-NT occurs readily in response to oxidative stress in carbonic anhydrase III and this may provide a sensitive measure of oxidative damage to muscle proteins.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56035/1/362_ftp.pd

Genetic modification of the manganese superoxide dismutase/glutathione peroxidase 1 pathway influences intracellular ROS generation in quiescent, but not contracting, skeletal muscle cells

[EN] Increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by skeletal muscle during contractile activity, but their intracellular source is unclear. The oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) was examined as an intracellular probe for reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle myotubes derived from muscles of wild-type mice and mice that were heterozygous knockout for manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2+/− ), homozygous knockout for glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1−/− ), or MnSOD transgenic overexpressors (Sod2-Tg). Myoblasts were stimulated to fuse and loaded with DCFH 5–7 days later. Intracellular DCF epifluorescence was measured and myotubes were electrically stimulated to contract for 15 min. Quiescent myotubes with decreased MnSOD or GPx1 showed a significant increase in the rate of DCFH oxidation whereas those with increased MnSOD did not differ from wild type. Following contractions, myotubes from all groups showed an equivalent increase in DCF fluorescence. Thus the oxidation of DCFH in quiescent skeletal muscle myotubes is influenced by the content of enzymes that regulate mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide content. In contrast, the increase in DCFH oxidation following contractions was unaffected by reduced or enhanced MnSOD or absent GPx1, indicating that reactive oxygen species produced by contractions were predominantly generated by nonmitochondrial sources

Foodservice in hospital: development of a theoretical model for patient experience and satisfaction using one hospital in the UK National Health Service as a case study

Hospital foodservice does not operate in isolation but requires the cooperation and integration of several disciplines to provide the ultimate patient experience. The objective of this research was to explore the antecedents to patient satisfaction and experience, including the service element. Accordingly, focus groups were conducted with doctors (n = 4), nurses (n = 5), ward hostesses (n = 3) and patients together with their visitors (n = 10), while open-ended interviews were conducted with the foodservice manager, facilities manager, chief dietitian, orthopaedic ward dietitian and chief pharmacist. Themes centred on ‘patients’, ‘foodservice’ and ‘mealtimes’, and results show that food qualities, particularly temperature and texture, are important factors impinging on patient satisfaction, and the trolley system of delivery is an acceptable style of service. Service predisposition demonstrates little relevance to patient satisfaction towards overall meal enjoyment. A theoretical model has been developed that identifies hospital foodservice in a cyclic relationship with the community primary healthcare team

The detection and measurement of interleukin-6 in venous and capillary blood samples, and in sweat collected at rest and during exercise

Purpose: This study aimed to quantify the relationship between venous and capillary blood sampling methods for the measurement of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6). A parallel study was conducted to determine the possibility of measuring IL-6 in sweat using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and investigate the relationship between plasma- and sweat-derived measures of IL-6. Methods: Twelve male participants were recruited for the measurement of IL-6 at rest and during exercise (study 1). An additional group of five female participants was recruited for the measurement of IL-6 in venous blood versus sweat at rest and following exercise (study 2). In study 1, venous and capillary blood samples were collected at rest and in response to exercise. In study 2, venous and sweat samples were collected following exercise. Results: Mean plasma IL-6 concentration was not different between venous and capillary blood sampling methods either at rest (4.27 ± 5.40 vs. 4.14 ± 4.45 pg ml−1), during (5.40 ± 5.17 vs. 5.58 ± 6.34 pg ml−1), or in response to exercise (6.95 ± 6.37 vs. 6.99 ± 6.74 pg ml−1). There was no IL-6 detectable in sweat either at rest or following exercise. Conclusion: There are no differences in the measurement of plasma IL-6 using either venous or capillary blood sampling methods. Capillary measurement represents a minimally invasive way of measuring IL-6 and detecting changes in IL-6, which are linked to fatigue and overtraining

Three-Dimensional FDTD Simulation of Biomaterial Exposure to Electromagnetic Nanopulses

Ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulses of nanosecond duration, or nanopulses, have been recently approved by the Federal Communications Commission for a number of various applications. They are also being explored for applications in biotechnology and medicine. The simulation of the propagation of a nanopulse through biological matter, previously performed using a two-dimensional finite difference-time domain method (FDTD), has been extended here into a full three-dimensional computation. To account for the UWB frequency range, a geometrical resolution of the exposed sample was $0.25 mm$, and the dielectric properties of biological matter were accurately described in terms of the Debye model. The results obtained from three-dimensional computation support the previously obtained results: the electromagnetic field inside a biological tissue depends on the incident pulse rise time and width, with increased importance of the rise time as the conductivity increases; no thermal effects are possible for the low pulse repetition rates, supported by recent experiments. New results show that the dielectric sample exposed to nanopulses behaves as a dielectric resonator. For a sample in a cuvette, we obtained the dominant resonant frequency and the $Q$-factor of the resonator.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure