381 research outputs found
Distinguishing cause from effect - many deficits associated with developmental dyslexia may be a consequence of reduced and suboptimal reading experience
The cause of developmental dyslexia is still unknown despite decades of intense research. Many causal explanations have been proposed, based on the range of impairments displayed by affected individuals. Here we draw attention to the fact that many of these impairments are also shown by illiterate individuals who have not received any or very little reading instruction. We suggest that this fact may not be coincidental and that the performance differences of both illiterates and individuals with dyslexia compared to literate controls are, to a substantial extent, secondary consequences of either reduced or suboptimal reading experience or a combination of both. The search for the primary causes of reading impairments will make progress if the consequences of quantitative and qualitative differences in reading experience are better taken into account and not mistaken for the causes of reading disorders. We close by providing four recommendations for future research
On the Possibility of Uphill Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Multicopper Oxidases: Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Study of Bilirubin Oxidase
The catalytic cycle of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) involves intramolecular electron transfer (IET) from the Cu-T1 copper ion, which is the primary site of the one-electron oxidations of the substrate, to the trinuclear copper cluster (TNC), which is the site of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen to water. In this study we report a detailed characterization of the kinetic and electrochemical properties of bilirubin oxidase (BOx) a member of the MCO family. The experimental results strongly indicate that under certain conditions, e.g. in alkaline solutions, the IET can be the rate-limiting step in the BOx catalytic cycle. The data also suggest that one of the catalytically relevant intermediates (most likely characterized by an intermediate oxidation state of the TNC) formed during the catalytic cycle of BOx has a redox potential close to 0.4 V, indicating an uphill IET process from the T1 copper site (0.7 V) to the Cu-T23. These suggestions are supported by calculations of the IET rate, based on the experimentally observed Gibbs free energy change and theoretical estimates of reorganization energy obtained by combined quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations
Homology of iterated semidirect products of free groups
Let be a group which admits the structure of an iterated semidirect
product of finitely generated free groups. We construct a finite, free
resolution of the integers over the group ring of . This resolution is used
to define representations of groups which act compatibly on , generalizing
classical constructions of Magnus, Burau, and Gassner. Our construction also
yields algorithms for computing the homology of the Milnor fiber of a
fiber-type hyperplane arrangement, and more generally, the homology of the
complement of such an arrangement with coefficients in an arbitrary local
system.Comment: 31 pages. AMSTeX v 2.1 preprint styl
Biofuel cell based on microscale nanostructured electrodes with inductive coupling to rat brain neurons.
Miniature, self-contained biodevices powered by biofuel cells may enable a new generation of implantable, wireless, minimally invasive neural interfaces for neurophysiological in vivo studies and for clinical applications. Here we report on the fabrication of a direct electron transfer based glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) from genuinely three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured microscale gold electrodes, modified with suitable biocatalysts. We show that the process underlying the simple fabrication method of 3D nanostructured electrodes is based on an electrochemically driven transformation of physically deposited gold nanoparticles. We experimentally demonstrate that mediator-, cofactor-, and membrane-less EFCs do operate in cerebrospinal fluid and in the brain of a rat, producing amounts of electrical power sufficient to drive a self-contained biodevice, viz. 7 ÎŒW cm(-2) in vitro and 2 ÎŒW cm(-2) in vivo at an operating voltage of 0.4 V. Last but not least, we also demonstrate an inductive coupling between 3D nanobioelectrodes and living neurons
Work today and in the future : Perspectives on Occupational Safety and Health challenges and opportunities for the Nordic labour inspectorates
This report was commissioned by the Nordic Director Generals at the labour inspectorates to better prepare the labour inspectorates for the future of work. The report is authored by the Nordic Future of Work Group. The purpose of the report is to identify and analyse the occupational safety and health challenges to labour inspectorates in the light of the imminent future of work.
Three main aspects make this report unique. First, the report focusses on occupational safety and health and labour inspection. This perspective is not common in future of work studies and analyses. Second, the report gives practical recommendations for labour inspectorates. Third, the report provides an exclusive Nordic perspective on themes of regional and global importance in the context of labour inspection.
This report delivers a diverse set of perspectives on the future of work and occupational safety and health based on published literature and active engagement with national and international stakeholders as well as the research community.
It is anticipated that the future of work will be influenced by four drivers: the changes attributed to technology, demographics, globalisation, and environmental and climate change. These drivers independently or taken together have an impact on occupational safety and health.
The report concludes with providing general and specific recommendations to better equip the labour inspectorates to meet the challenges of the near and distant future. These practical recommendations form the context for the further development of Nordic labour inspectorates ability to tackle occupational safety and health challenges as they concern the future of work
Studying boundary layer methane isotopy and vertical mixing processes at a rewetted peatland site using an unmanned aircraft system
The combination of two well-established methods, of quadrocopter-borne air sampling and methane isotopic analyses, is applied to determine the source process of methane at different altitudes and to study mixing processes. A proof-of-concept study was performed to demonstrate the capabilities of quadrocopter air sampling for subsequently analysing the methane isotopic composition ÎŽ13C in the laboratory. The advantage of the system compared to classical sampling on the ground and at tall towers is the flexibility concerning sampling location, and in particular the flexible choice of sampling altitude, allowing the study of the layering and mixing of air masses with potentially different spatial origin of air masses and methane. Boundary layer mixing processes and the methane isotopic composition were studied at Polder Zarnekow in MecklenburgâWest Pomerania in the north-east of Germany, which has become a strong source of biogenically produced methane after rewetting the drained and degraded peatland. Methane fluxes are measured continuously at the site. They show high emissions from May to September, and a strong diurnal variability. For two case studies on 23 May and 5 September 2018, vertical profiles of temperature and humidity were recorded up to an altitude of 650 and 1000âm, respectively, during the morning transition. Air samples were taken at different altitudes and analysed in the laboratory for methane isotopic composition. The values showed a different isotopic composition in the vertical distribution during stable conditions in the morning (delta values of â51.5ââ° below the temperature inversion at an altitude of 150âm on 23 May 2018 and at an altitude of 50âm on 5 September 2018, delta values of â50.1ââ° above). After the onset of turbulent mixing, the isotopic composition was the same throughout the vertical column with a mean delta value of â49.9â±â0.45ââ°. The systematically more negative delta values occurred only as long as the nocturnal temperature inversion was present. During the September study, water samples were analysed as well for methane concentration and isotopic composition in order to provide a link between surface and atmosphere. The water samples reveal high variability on horizontal scales of a few tens of metres for this particular case. The airborne sampling system and consecutive analysis chain were shown to provide reliable and reproducible results for two samples obtained simultaneously. The method presents a powerful tool for distinguishing the source process of methane at different altitudes. The isotopic composition showed clearly depleted delta values directly above a biological methane source when vertical mixing was hampered by a temperature inversion, and different delta values above, where the air masses originate from a different footprint area. The vertical distribution of methane isotopic composition can serve as tracer for mixing processes of methane within the atmospheric boundary layer
Samverkansmeritering - förutsÀttningar, behov och möjligheter : Rapport: MERSAM-MeritvÀrde av samverkansskicklighet
Samverkansuppgiften har gradvis fĂ„tt en tydligare roll sedan mitten av 1990-talet och Ă€r idag en nödvĂ€ndig och central uppgift för högskolor och universitet i Sverige, inte minst för att hantera vĂ„r tids samhĂ€llsutmaningar. Det finns fĂ„ tecken pĂ„ att denna utveckling kommer att vĂ€nda och det Ă€r dĂ€rför viktigt att vi inom sektorn för en dialog kring hur vi tar oss an och vĂ€rderar det arbete som sker inom ramen för samverkansuppgiften. Det Ă€r troligt att vi i sektorn Ă€ven en tid framöver kommer att diskutera hur samverkansuppgiften bör tolkas och samverkansmeriter vĂ€rderas, men det hindrar oss inte att pĂ„ allvar försöka stödja och strukturera det arbete som redan sker dagligen vid landets lĂ€rosĂ€ten.Projektets bidrag Ă€r att belysa ett antal observationer kring utmaningar inom sektorn, för vĂ„ra lĂ€rosĂ€ten och individer men ocksĂ„ visa pĂ„ möjligheter för vĂ„ra lĂ€rosĂ€ten genom att ta upp nĂ„gra tĂ€nkbara verktyg, arbetssĂ€tt och rekommendationer för utveckling av samverkansmeritering.Huvudbudskapen i denna rapport Ă€r att sektorn behöver skapa en tydligare och mer preciserad begreppsbildning relaterat till âsamverkanâ och samverkansmeriter. LĂ€rosĂ€tena behöver utveckla ett mer integrerat och strukturerat sĂ€tt att arbeta med samverkansmeriter genom hela rekrytering- och befordringsprocessen, dĂ„ förstĂ„else av samverkansmeriter och praxis fortfarande Ă€r underutvecklat. LĂ€rosĂ€tena behöver vidare utveckla stöd för forskare och lĂ€rare i att kunna sammanstĂ€lla och dokumentera samverkansmeriter, separat eller integrerat med övriga meriter. En verkningsfull, flersprĂ„kig begreppsapparat och förstĂ„else men Ă€ven efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ samverkansmeriter behöver utvecklas gemensamt av sektorns alla aktörer och vid varje lĂ€rosĂ€te.Rapporten riktar sig i första hand till tvĂ„ mĂ„lgrupper:1.Personer och funktioner vid lĂ€rosĂ€ten som har ansvar för eller leder utvecklingsarbete kopplat till meritering och kompetensförsörjning pĂ„ olika nivĂ„er (dekaner, utvecklingsledare, HR specialister, ordförande i rekryteringskommittĂ©er eller motsvarande samt olika former av samverkansstöd). För dessa innehĂ„ller rapporten resonemang, rekommendationer och konkreta verktyg som kan anvĂ€ndas som utgĂ„ngspunkt för dialog och utveckling av samverkansmeritering vid lĂ€rosĂ€ten.2.Ledningsfunktioner vid lĂ€rosĂ€ten, myndigheter samt sektorsintressenter. För dessa kan rapporten ge ökad kunskap om tillstĂ„ndet för samverkansmeritering vid svenska lĂ€rosĂ€ten och insikter om möjligheter för utveckling.Projektet har tagit fram ett utbildningsmaterial för att stödja fortsatt utvecklingsarbete pĂ„ olika nivĂ„er vid lĂ€rosĂ€ten samt en vĂ€gledning för att dokumentera och beskriva samverkansmeriter. VĂ€gledningen kan anvĂ€ndas för inspiration till lĂ€rare och forskare som vill sammanstĂ€lla sina samverkansmeriter. De verktyg som presenteras i vĂ€gledningen kan ocksĂ„ anvĂ€ndas vid kompetensplanering, bedömningssituationer och medarbetarsamtal.Förhoppningen Ă€r att MerSam-projektet och denna rapport, dialog inom och mellan lĂ€rosĂ€ten samt mellan lĂ€rosĂ€ten och sektorsintressenter, bidrar till fortsatt utveckling av samverkansmeritering samt till att skapa en gemensam uppfattning om vad det betyder att meritera sig inom ramen för samverkansuppgiften
Mercury pollution for marine environment at Farwa Island, Libya
Coimmobilization of pyranose dehydrogenase
as an enzyme catalyst,
osmium redox polymers [OsÂ(4,4âČ-dimethoxy-2,2âČ-bipyridine)<sub>2</sub>(polyÂ(vinylimidazole))<sub>10</sub>Cl]<sup>+</sup> or [OsÂ(4,4âČ-dimethyl-2,2âČ-bipyridine)<sub>2</sub>(polyÂ(vinylimidazole))<sub>10</sub>Cl]<sup>+</sup> as mediators,
and carbon nanotube conductive scaffolds in films on graphite electrodes
provides enzyme electrodes for glucose oxidation. The recombinant
enzyme and a deglycosylated form, both expressed in Pichia pastoris, are investigated and compared as
biocatalysts for glucose oxidation using flow injection amperometry
and voltammetry. In the presence of 5 mM glucose in phosphate-buffered
saline (PBS) (50 mM phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4, with 150 mM
NaCl), higher glucose oxidation current densities, 0.41 mA cm<sup>â2</sup>, are obtained from enzyme electrodes containing the
deglycosylated form of the enzyme. The optimized glucose-oxidizing
anode, prepared using deglycosylated enzyme coimmobilized with [OsÂ(4,4âČ-dimethyl-2,2âČ-bipyridine)<sub>2</sub>(polyÂ(vinylimidazole))<sub>10</sub>Cl]<sup>+</sup> and carbon
nanotubes, was coupled with an oxygen-reducing bilirubin oxidase on
gold nanoparticle dispersed on gold electrode as a biocathode to provide
a membraneless fully enzymatic fuel cell. A maximum power density
of 275 ÎŒW cm<sup>â2</sup> is obtained in 5 mM glucose
in PBS, the highest to date under these conditions, providing sufficient
power to enable wireless transmission of a signal to a data logger.
When tested in whole human blood and unstimulated human saliva maximum
power densities of 73 and 6 ÎŒW cm<sup>â2</sup> are obtained
for the same fuel cell configuration, respectively
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