A determinação da idade das rochas

Em pouco mais de 200 anos, a idade da Terra admitida pela ciência passou de alguns milhares para cerca de 4,56 bilhões de anos. Muitas analogias são empregadas para facilitar a compreensão dos conceitos de tempo profundo ou  abismo do tempo mas, não obstante, essas idéias permanecem de difícil assimilação, pois as escalas e relações envolvidas são incomuns e frequentemente complexas. A profunda inflexão no pensamento, e até mesmo na perspectiva humana, sobre a idade da Terra, decorre do amadurecimento da Geologia como ciência. Métodos específicos são necessários para determinação de idades de rochas e sua aplicação mais direta: o estudo do tempo geológico. Os métodos estratigráficos, paleontológicos e geocronológicos são empregados muitas vezes de forma integrada, para garantir resultados confiáveis; constituem parte essencial do conceito moderno de Geociências ou de Ciências da Terra. É conveniente fazer um estudo dos princípios teóricos e das principais - e acaloradas - polêmicas envolvidas, para se compreender de que modo o conhecimento acumulado a partir desses princípios e métodos tornou o planeta tão antigo; são idéias que afetaram profundamente a visão atual sobre a duração e permanência da espécie humana na Terra11635Within the last two centuries there was a complete change on the concealed age of the Earth by specialists: it changed from some thousands to nearly 4,6 billion years. The study of geological time requires an integrated application of specific methods for the determination of rock ages: the stratigraphical, paleontological and geochronological methods. In order to get best results under different situations, the methods are often combined; this interdependence belongs to the foundations of the study of Earths past. Analogies are often applied to help explaining the ideas of deep time or abyss of time, but these are probably among the most complex concepts to be understood by people in general, for the complex relationships to be stablished and the unusual scales involved. The evolution of Geology as a science followed such inflexion on the way of thinking on the age of the Earth. Within the modern concept of both Geosciences or Earth Sciences, a knowledge on the heated discussions linked to the subject is needed to understand the way the principles and methods turned out the planet age

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Commentaries on viewpoint : physiology and fast marathons

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Ilhas oceânicas brasileiras e suas relações com a tectônica atlântica

Sintetizam-se conhecimentos modernos sobre as ilhas e arquipélagos oceânicos brasileiros, cuja origem e localização geográfica sofreu decisiva influência de estruturas da litosfera oceânica. Reúnem-se informações sobre a geologia das ilhas e a nomenclatura recente, química e mineralógica, de suas rochas. É sugestiva a influência de hotspots na evolução de zonas de fratura, originando cadeias vulcânicas e ilhas. No Ceará a atuação de hotspot suposto astenosférico, na extensão ao continente de zona de fratura reativada, desenvolveu estruturas, magmatismo alcalino, alto fluxo térmico e sismicidade. Penetrando nas fraturas reativadas dessa zona no oceano, com o deslizamento da placa formou-se uma cadeia vulcânica, em cuja extremidade está o Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha. Essa evolução é similar à da Ilha de Trindade e Arquipélago Martin Vaz, que constituem o topo emerso de grandes montes vulcânicos do extremo oriental das duas cadeias, situadas em zona de fratura que penetra na borda do continente. O estranho Aarquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo possui origem inteiramente diversa, pois emerge no trecho transformante ativo de uma cadeia de zona de fratura onde esta secciona o rift-valley axial da Dorsal Meso-Atlântica, expondo-se uma protrusão de rochas mantélicas sem vulcânicas emersas aflorantes, embora as existam submersas

Participação do Brasil na grande revolução das Geociências

O texto do Professor Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida contém a íntegra de sua palestra apresentada ao IG-Unicamp em 06 de abril de 2005, por ocasião do lançamento em Campinas de livro editado em sua homenagem (Mantesso Neto et al. 2004). O trabalho "Participação do Brasil na Grande Revolução das Geociências" versa sobre aspecto ainda pouco investigado pelos estudiosos da historiografia moderna das Geociências no Brasil: as contribuições fundamentais oferecidas pelos pesquisadores brasileiros, em meados do século XX, para o gradual estabelecimento da Teoria da Tectônica de Placas, modernamente conhecida como Teoria da Tectônica Global. Aceitam-se hoje, amplamente, diversas correlações geológicas, notadamente entre a América do Sul e a África, mas houve grande investimento em pesquisa para que as primitivas comparações pudessem ser mais bem avaliadas, testadas e confirmada