148 research outputs found
Evaluating historical, basin-wide landslide activity in a context of land abandonment and climate change: Effects of landslide visibility and temporal resolution
Drainage basins of the Northern Apennines, particularly in the clayey settings, bear among the highest rates of
landsliding worldwide. A history of major land cover changes has left a landscape characterized by sparse,
coppice-managed forest, transitional shrubs, and actively eroding badlands. Historical trends of landslide
occurrence are examined in the Sillaro River basin (139 km2) in relation to land cover and climatic changes. To
this purpose we have compiled a multi-temporal (1954â2018) landslide inventory (n = 1164) across twelve
sequential photo sets that bears decadal (7- to 15-yr) and finer (2- to 6-yr) temporal resolution respectively
before and after 1996. To account for changes in meteorological forcing, we examine: (i) the total annual precipitation
(PRCPTOT); (ii) the annual maximum daily precipitation (RX1day); and (iii) the precipitation fraction
(R99pTOT) due to extremely wet days. We find that landslide activity is strongly controlled by lithology, with
landslide densities in claystones 3-to-4 times higher than in marl-sandstone alternations. This difference is chiefly
associated with badlands, which are the most active land cover type and where new scars at a site could recur up
to nine times. To evaluate the influence of varying temporal resolution on inventory completeness, hence on
inference about land cover and climatic effects, we constrain the time scales of landslide visibility and assess the
relative rates of undersampling. We find that visibility functions decline non-linearly with time, and that an
inventory compiled at 5-year resolution would be missing up to 20 % of the landslide scars, with the size of an
additional 27 % that would be underestimated due to revegetation. Overall, detection of entire landslide scars,
which varies with land cover, becomes rare after 13 years in transitional shrubs, and after 17 years in badlands
and managed forest. The historical analysis shows that landslide count: (i) increases in 1955â1976, a period of
maximum anthropogenic pressure and wetter conditions; (ii) decreases steadily from 1977 through 2000, during
a phase of land abandonment and decline in annual precipitation; and (iii) grows highest in 2000â2014, a period
of land cover stability characterized by lesser precipitation although increasingly focused on high-magnitude
events. To evaluate the likely reason of this recent increase in landsliding (i.e., R99pTOT vs inventorying resolution),
we replicate the post-1996 mapping at coarser resolution. In the simplified inventory, landslide densities
drop up to a factor of 2, and the inverse correlation originally linking landslide count with R99pTOT, loses
significance. We conclude that, when the bias associated with varying inventorying resolution is removed, dependencies
previously attributed to climatic effects become drastically reduced, and in some instances can even
disappear
Numerical simulation of fluid structure interaction in free-surface flows: the WEC case
In this work we present a numerical framework to carry-out numerical simulations of fluid-structure interaction phenomena in free-surface flows. The framework employs a singlephase method to solve momentum equations and interface advection without solving the gas phase, an immersed boundary method (IBM) to represent the moving solid within the fluid matrix and a fluid structure interaction (FSI) algorithm to couple liquid and solid phases. The method is employed to study the case of a single point wave energy converter (WEC) device, studying its free decay and its response to progressive linear waves.E.Schillaci acknowledges the financial support of the Programa Torres Quevedo (PTQ2018- 010060). The work has also been supported by a competitive R+D project (PID2020-115837RBI00) of the Spanish Research Agency.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Are circular economy policies actually reaching organizations? Evidence from the largest Spanish companies
The Circular Economy (CE) model has recently gained a lot of attention as an effective way to cope with the urgent issues related to Climate Change and sustainability. The European Union (EU) has launched a series of reports, plans and activities known as the Circular Economy package which main goal is to expand the CE model throughout Europe, with large companies leading the initiative. This paper aims at assessing their engagement with the CE model, and if their actual understanding, practice and reporting of CE corresponds to the standards and principles promoted by the EU CE Action Plan. The research does also analyse if large companiesâ reporting in terms of CE can be assimilated to their environmental sustainability reporting or if they consider it a different topic, with different drivers. The reports of the largest companies in Spain (IBEX35) were studied in full detail as well as their environmental scores (ESG) from DataStream database, and activity sector. Results show interesting implications highlighting how companiesâ perception over CE, as reported, differs from the EU CE Action Plan approach and from the environmental sustainability framework, especially when taking into account the type of activity
Constraints on the Cosmic-Ray Density Gradient beyond the Solar Circle from Fermi gamma-ray Observations of the Third Galactic Quadrant
We report an analysis of the interstellar -ray emission in the third
Galactic quadrant measured by the {Fermi} Large Area Telescope. The window
encompassing the Galactic plane from longitude 210\arcdeg to 250\arcdeg has
kinematically well-defined segments of the Local and the Perseus arms, suitable
to study the cosmic-ray densities across the outer Galaxy. We measure no large
gradient with Galactocentric distance of the -ray emissivities per
interstellar H atom over the regions sampled in this study. The gradient
depends, however, on the optical depth correction applied to derive the \HI\
column densities. No significant variations are found in the interstellar
spectra in the outer Galaxy, indicating similar shapes of the cosmic-ray
spectrum up to the Perseus arm for particles with GeV to tens of GeV energies.
The emissivity as a function of Galactocentric radius does not show a large
enhancement in the spiral arms with respect to the interarm region. The
measured emissivity gradient is flatter than expectations based on a cosmic-ray
propagation model using the radial distribution of supernova remnants and
uniform diffusion properties. In this context, observations require a larger
halo size and/or a flatter CR source distribution than usually assumed. The
molecular mass calibrating ratio, , is
found to be
in the Local-arm clouds and is not significantly sensitive to the choice of
\HI\ spin temperature. No significant variations are found for clouds in the
interarm region.Comment: Corresponding authors: I. A. Grenier ([email protected]); T.
Mizuno ([email protected]); L. Tibaldo
([email protected]) accepted for publication in Ap
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Observations of Recent Gamma-ray Outbursts from 3C 454.3
The flat spectrum radio quasar 3C~454.3 underwent an extraordinary outburst
in December 2009 when it became the brightest gamma-ray source in the sky for
over one week. Its daily flux measured with the Fermi Large Area Telescope at
photon energies E>100 MeV reached F = 22+/-1 x 10^-6 ph cm^-2 s^-1,
representing the highest daily flux of any blazar ever recorded in high-energy
gamma-rays. It again became the brightest source in the sky in 2010 April,
triggering a pointed-mode observation by Fermi. The correlated gamma-ray
temporal and spectral properties during these exceptional events are presented
and discussed. The main results show flux variability over time scales less
than 3 h and very mild spectral variability with an indication of gradual
hardening preceding major flares. No consistent loop pattern emerged in the
gamma-ray spectral index vs flux plane. A minimum Doppler factor of ~ 15 is
derived, and the maximum energy of a photon from 3C 454.3 is ~ 20 GeV. The
spectral break at a few GeV is inconsistent with Klein-Nishina softening from
power-law electrons scattering Ly_alpha line radiation, and a break in the
underlying electron spectrum in blazar leptonic models is implied.Comment: submitted to the Astrophysical Journa
Caries associated with orthodontic care part 2: management
It is recognized that wearing an orthodontic appliance increases the caries risk of the individual. The prevalence of demineralization has been reported to be as high as 73%. When demineralization occurs a number of treatments exist: fluoride application, acid microabrasion, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CCP-ACP), resin infiltration and self-assembling peptides. Of these, topical fluoride has the most evidence to support its use.
CPD/Clinical Relevance: Demineralization is the most common complication of orthodontic care. The clinician should understand how to manage this when it occurs
Geomorphic process signatures reshaping subâhumid Mediterranean badlands: 1. Methodological development based on highâresolution topography
Highâresolution topography data sets have improved the spatial and temporal scales at which we are able to investigate the landscape through the analysis of landform attributes and the computation of topographic changes. Yet, to date, there have been only limited attempts to infer key geomorphic processes in terms of contributions to shaping the landscape. Highly erodible landscapes such as badlands provide an ideal demonstration of such an approach owing to the rapid changes observed over a relatively short time frame. In this technical note we present the Mapping Geomorphic Processes in the Environment (MaGPiE): a new algorithm that allows mapping of geomorphic process signatures through analysis of repeat highâresolution topography data sets. The method is demonstrated in an experimental badland located in the southern central Pyrenees. MaGPiE is a geographic information system (GIS)âbased algorithm that uses as input: (a) terrain attributes (i.e. Slope, Roughness and Concentrated Runoff Index) extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs), and (b) a map of topographic changes (DEM of difference, DoD). Initial results demonstrate that MaGPiE allows the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the main geomorphic processes reshaping badlands to be inferred for the first time
Fermi LAT observations of cosmic-ray electrons from 7 GeV to 1 TeV
We present the results of our analysis of cosmic-ray electrons using about 8
million electron candidates detected in the first 12 months on-orbit by the
Fermi Large Area Telescope. This work extends our previously-published
cosmic-ray electron spectrum down to 7 GeV, giving a spectral range of
approximately 2.5 decades up to 1 TeV. We describe in detail the analysis and
its validation using beam-test and on-orbit data. In addition, we describe the
spectrum measured via a subset of events selected for the best energy
resolution as a cross-check on the measurement using the full event sample. Our
electron spectrum can be described with a power law with no prominent spectral features within systematic uncertainties.
Within the limits of our uncertainties, we can accommodate a slight spectral
hardening at around 100 GeV and a slight softening above 500 GeV.Comment: 20 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables, published in Physical Review D 82,
092004 (2010) - contact authors: C. Sgro', A. Moisee
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