Symbolika ratuszy w przestrzeni miasta średniowiecznego. Wybrane przykłady

The symbolism of town halls in medieval cities. Selected examples(Summary) Town halls have always been the best example of the aspirations and possibilities of urban communities. The location of the town hall building was related to its central role in the political system and functioning of the town. This was the case, irrespective of the period in which the building was raised, or its size. Its functional and ideological centrality in the urban space was achieved in several ways. The first, dating back to the ancient tradition, is associated with the classical structure of a city based on a rectilinear grid of streets – the town hall takes the place of the Roman praetorium, which was in the castrum at the intersection of the cardo and decumanus. This was not only the case in cities in the Apennine Peninsula, but also in colonized areas – in the towns established on the former sites of Roman camps. If the town hall building was part of a densely developed area, its form always distinguished it from the other buildings, and if it was a free-standing building, it competed with the church buildings with regards to its shape and location. Another way of emphasizing the central role of the main municipal building in the urban layout was to make it the main vertical accent, by accentuating its height with regard to the church towers – as in the solutions associated with the Flemish idea of the beffroi. The third important aspect regarding the spatial composition of medieval cities was the location of the town hall building in close relation to the “dynamic” diagonal axis of the town’s layout linking the town hall with the cathedral or parish church. This kind of layout can be found both on the Apennine Peninsula and in Silesia. The signifi cant analogies, which are visible at first glance, between the functioning of various town hall buildings in various geographical regions far away from one another, confirm the appropriateness of undertaking further research on the various groups of buildings in urban layouts both in the context of contemporary ideas and archetypes that had an influence throughout the whole of Europe, which in this context appears to be a culturally homogenous area.The symbolism of town halls in medieval cities. Selected examples(Summary) Town halls have always been the best example of the aspirations and possibilities of urban communities. The location of the town hall building was related to its central role in the political system and functioning of the town. This was the case, irrespective of the period in which the building was raised, or its size. Its functional and ideological centrality in the urban space was achieved in several ways. The first, dating back to the ancient tradition, is associated with the classical structure of a city based on a rectilinear grid of streets – the town hall takes the place of the Roman praetorium, which was in the castrum at the intersection of the cardo and decumanus. This was not only the case in cities in the Apennine Peninsula, but also in colonized areas – in the towns established on the former sites of Roman camps. If the town hall building was part of a densely developed area, its form always distinguished it from the other buildings, and if it was a free-standing building, it competed with the church buildings with regards to its shape and location. Another way of emphasizing the central role of the main municipal building in the urban layout was to make it the main vertical accent, by accentuating its height with regard to the church towers – as in the solutions associated with the Flemish idea of the beffroi. The third important aspect regarding the spatial composition of medieval cities was the location of the town hall building in close relation to the “dynamic” diagonal axis of the town’s layout linking the town hall with the cathedral or parish church. This kind of layout can be found both on the Apennine Peninsula and in Silesia. The signifi cant analogies, which are visible at first glance, between the functioning of various town hall buildings in various geographical regions far away from one another, confirm the appropriateness of undertaking further research on the various groups of buildings in urban layouts both in the context of contemporary ideas and archetypes that had an influence throughout the whole of Europe, which in this context appears to be a culturally homogenous area

Małe miasta prywatne na Dolnym Śląsku – układy przestrzenne

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie analizy przestrzennej wybranych przykładów małych miast, które określilibyśmy mianem miast prywatnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stolic państw stanowych na północnej granicy Śląska i miast biskupich. Analizowany jest stosunek wielkości placu rynkowego (głównego generatora zysków jego właściciela) do wielkości całego ośrodka, główne akcenty urbanistyczne i architektoniczne, a także fortyfikacje tych miast odróżniające je od fundacji książęcych

Application of graph theory to the morphological analysis of settlements

In the following paper, the analyses of morphology of settlements were conducted using graph methods. The intention of the author was to create a quantifiable and simple measure, which, in a quantitative way, would express the degree of development of a graph (the spatial pattern of settlement). When analysing examples of graphs assigned to a set of small towns and large villages, it was noticed that the graph development index should depend on: a relative number of edges in relation to the number of nodes (β index), the number of cycles (urban blocks), which evidences the complexity of the spatial pattern of settlement, and the average rank of nodes of a graph, which expresses the degree of complexity of a street network

Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation as the keystone in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a mainstay of the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In the European Society of Cardiology guidelines, comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation has the highest class of recommendation and level of evidence as an effective method for the treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, after myocardial revascularization, with chronic coronary syndrome, for CVD prevention in clinical practice, and in patients with heart failure (HF). This document presents an expert opinion of the Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Section of the Polish Cardiac Society concerning the definition, goals, target population, organization of rehabilitation services, standard clinical indications and methods of implementation. Moreover, it describes psychosocial risk factors influencing the course of CR and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing CR. Comprehensive CR is as a process that should be implemented as soon as possible, continued without interruption, and consist of multiple stages. Moreover, it should be tailored to the individual clinical situation and should be accepted by the patient and their family, friends, and caregivers

Cardiac rehabilitation availability and delivery in Europe: How does it differ by region and compare with other high-income countries?: Endorsed by the European Association of Preventive Cardiology

Aims: The aims of this study were to establish cardiac rehabilitation availability and density, as well as the nature ofprogrammes, and to compare these by European region (geoscheme) and with other high-income countries.Methods: A survey was administered to cardiac rehabilitation programmes globally. Cardiac associations were engagedto facilitate programme identification. Density was computed using global burden of disease study ischaemic heartdisease incidence estimates. Four high-income countries were selected for comparison (N¼790 programmes) toEuropean data, and multilevel analyses were performed.Results: Cardiac rehabilitation was available in 40/44 (90.9%) European countries. Data were collected in 37 (94.8%country response rate). A total of 455/1538 (29.6% response rate) programme respondents initiated the survey.Programme volumes (median 300) were greatest in western European countries, but overall were higher than inother high-income countries (

Nature of Cardiac Rehabilitation Around the Globe

BackgroundCardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a clinically-effective but complex model of care. The purpose of this study was to characterize the nature of CR programs around the world, in relation to guideline recommendations, and compare this by World Health Organization (WHO) region.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a piloted survey was administered online to CR programs globally. Cardiac associations and local champions facilitated program identification. Quality (benchmark of ≥ 75% of programs in a given country meeting each of 20 indicators) was ranked. Results were compared by WHO region using generalized linear mixed models.Findings111/203 (54.7%) countries in the world offer CR; data were collected in 93 (83.8%; N = 1082 surveys, 32.1% program response rate). The most commonly-accepted indications were: myocardial infarction (n = 832, 97.4%), percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 820, 96.1%; 0.10), and coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 817, 95.8%). Most programs were led by physicians (n = 680; 69.1%). The most common CR providers (mean = 5.9 ± 2.8/program) were: nurses (n = 816, 88.1%; low in Africa, p

Cardiac Rehabilitation Availability and Density around the Globe

BackgroundDespite the epidemic of cardiovascular disease and the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), availability is known to be insufficient, although this is not quantified. This study ascertained CR availability, volumes and its drivers, and density.MethodsA survey was administered to CR programs globally. Cardiac associations and local champions facilitated program identification. Factors associated with volumes were assessed using generalized linear mixed models, and compared by World Health Organization region. Density (i.e. annual ischemic heart disease [IHD] incidence estimate from Global Burden of Disease study divided by national CR capacity) was computed.FindingsCR was available in 111/203 (54.7%) countries; data were collected in 93 (83.8% country response; N?=?1082 surveys, 32.1% program response rate). Availability by region ranged from 80.7% of countries in Europe, to 17.0% in Africa (p