The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Unité et pluralité de l'analyse de discours

Séguin Eve - Unity and plurality of discourse analysis. The notion of conditions of production has been used for a long time to define discourse. This notion seems to have vanished, nevertheless it still exerts a profound influence on discourse analysis (DA). In the first instance, the paper underlines the weaknesses of the notion and shows that it is unable to acknowledge the current diversity of DA. In a second step, an alternative definition of discourse is suggested. The main purpose being to account for the unity and plurality of DA.La notion de conditions de production a longtemps été utilisée pour définir le discours. Bien qu'elle semble avoir disparu, elle exerce toujours une influence sur l'analyse de discours (AD). Dans un premier temps, l'article tente de dégager les insuffisances de cette notion et montre qu'elle ne peut pas rendre compte de la diversité actuelle de l'AD. Dans un deuxième temps, il propose une définition alternative de l'objet discursif. L'objectif principal est de rendre compte de l'unité et de la pluralité de l'AD.Seguin Eve. Unité et pluralité de l'analyse de discours. In: Langage et société, n°69, 1994. pp. 37-58

L'analyse politique de la science. Technocratie versus discours scientifique

The political analysis of science. Technocracy vs scientific discourse. Eve Seguin [181-193]. Most studies tackling the political function of science call upon the technocratic perspective which is itself comprised of three discrete conceptualisations. Such works are located in the field of sociology since the connection between politics and science is thought to be dependent on a social group — the technocracy. Taking into account the sociology of scientific knowledge and using discourse analysis it is possible to conceive otherwise the political role played by science. This paper argues that scientific discourse directly exercises a political function.L'analyse politique de la science. Technocratie vs discours scientifique. Eve Seguin [181-193]- Les travaux qui abordent la fonction politique de la science se situent dans la thématique technocratique, laquelle regroupe trois variantes. Cette réflexion s'effectue sur le terrain de la sociologie car elle fait reposer l'articulation politique/science sur un groupe social — la technocratie. En tenant compte de la sociologie du savoir scientifique et en déplaçant la réflexion sur le terrain de l'analyse de discours, on peut repenser le rôle politique exercé par la science. La problématique développée ici pose que le discours scientifique accomplit directement une fonction politique.Seguin Eve. L'analyse politique de la science. Technocratie versus discours scientifique. In: Politix, vol. 9, n°36, Quatrième trimestre 1996. Usages sociaux des sciences sociales, sous la direction de Jean-Baptiste Legavre et Erik Neveu. pp. 181-193

L'invincibilité discursive des nouvelles technologies de la reproduction

THE DISCURSIVE INVINCIBILITY OF REPRODUCTIVE ENGINEERING The most impressive feature of reproductive engineering is the rapidity of its expansion. An analysis of scientific articles on in vitro fertilization (IVF) shows that biomedical discourse succeeds in making of reproductive techniques a non questionable phenomenon. Discursive mechanisms insure the passing of those techniques from laboratories to our social life. The acceptability of IVF is already inscribed in scientific discourse, which accounts for its exponential development.L'INVINCIBILITE DISCURSIVE DES NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES DE LA REPRODUCTION Les nouvelles technologies de la reproduction (NTR), se répandent vite. Le discours biomédical, représenté par un corpus d'articles scientifiques sur la fécondation in vitro, met en œuvre des mécanismes discursifs qui garantissent le passage des NTR du statut d'objet scientifique à celui de phénomène social. L'acceptabilité sociale des NTR est déjà inscrite dans le discours scientifique, ce qui rend compte de leur développement exponentiel.LA INVECIBILIDAD DISCURSIVA DE LAS TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN Las nuevas tecnologías de la reproducción (NTR) se difunden rápidamente. El discurso biomédico, representado por un corpus de artículos científicos relativos a la fecundación in vitro, pone en práctica mecanismos discursivos que garantizan el paso de las NTR del estatuto de objeto científico al de fenómeno social. La aceptabilidad social de las NTR ya esta inscrita en el discurso científico, lo que da cuenta de su desarrollo exponencial.Seguin Eve. L'invincibilité discursive des nouvelles technologies de la reproduction. In: Mots, n°44, septembre 1995. Discours sur la bioéthique, sous la direction de Pierre-André Taguieff et Maurice Tournier. pp. 41-56

Recent Advanced in the Treatment of Advanced SCC Tumors

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent form of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma. While most SCC can be treated by surgery or radiotherapy, some progress into an advanced form and are no longer suitable for these treatments. Guidelines and staging systems have help to define these advanced SCC (aSCC), for which prognosis was very poor until recently. Platin-based chemotherapy was traditionally used, but few prospective trials and no treatment regimen was recommended. Furthermore, toxicity in elderly patients limited its use. The development of immunotherapy has improved the prognosis of these difficult-to-treat aSCC. In this review, we define high risk and aSCC and explored current treatment strategies for these tumors