Biodegradable Poly(D,L-lactide) and Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy

Aquesta tesi aprofundeix en l'estudi de les nanopartícules de poli-(D, L-làctid-co-glicòlid) (PLGA) o poli-(D, L-làctid) (PLA) i les seves nanopartícules homòlogues recobertes amb polietilenglicol (PEG) com a sistemes de vehiculització per fotosensibilitzadors emprats en teràpia fotodinàmica. En primer lloc s'ha investigat la influència de la matriu polimèrica i del recobriment superficial amb PEG sobre les característiques fisicoquímiques, fotofísiques i fotobiològiques de suspensions amb un fotosensibilitzador atrapat físicament. El recobriment amb PEG confereix una major estabilitat a les nanopartícules en medi biològic. L'oxigen singlet generat en les nanopartícules de PLGA resta confinat en el seu interior, mentre que la presència de PEG facilita la difusió de l'oxigen singlet al medi extern, així com un alliberament més ràpid del fotosensibilitzador. En ambdós casos, el fotosensibilitzador es localitza als lisosomes a l'interior de les cèl·lules i indueix la mort cel·lular per apoptosi, la qual cosa indica que ambdós tipus de nanopartícules alliberen el fotosensibilitzador dins de la cèl·lula. L'efecte fototòxic és tanmateix major i més ràpid per a les nanopartícules PEGilades d'acord amb les observacions d'oxigen singlet. El paper de l'estructura química del fotosensibilitzador en les propietats fotofísiques i fotobiològiques de les nanopartícules també s'ha investigat. Els fotosensibilitzadors no metal·lats s'agreguen dins de les nanopartícules, mentre que els metal·lats romanen en forma monomèrica. Les seves propietats químiques també influeixen en la seva localització i, en conseqüència, en les propietats fotofísiques de les nanopartícules quan hi estan units covalentment, encara que hi siguin fotofísicament actius. Els fotosensibilitzadors encapsulats són capaços d'induir mortalitat cel·lular encara que estiguin agregats dins de les nanopartícules, mentre que els que estan units covalentment no ho són. Aquest fet permet concloure que l'alliberament del fotosensibilitzador dins de la cèl·lula és crucial per aconseguir una resposta fotodinàmica, i que les nanopartícules de PEG-PLGA no són internalitzades per les cèl·lules sinó que alliberen el fotosensibilitzador en la superfície cel·lular, cosa que no passa quan el fotosensibilitzador s'uneix covalentment a les nanopartícules. Finalment, s'ha examinat el potencial de la vehiculització activa mitjançant la conjugació del pèptid cRGDfK a la superfície de les nanopartícules. La presència de PEG és essencial per aconseguir un major augment en la concentració cel·lular de fotosensibilitzador. No obstant això, aquesta major concentració no produeix una major fototoxicitat en comparació amb les nanopartícules no marcades, el que suggereix que una major internalització no és l'únic factor important en el resultat final de la teràpia fotodinàmica.Esta tesis profundiza en el estudio de nanopartículas de poli-(D,L-láctido-co-glicólido) (PLGA) o poli-(D,L-láctido) (PLA) y sus homólogas recubiertas con polietilenglicol (PEG) como sistemas de vehiculización para fotosensibilizadores empleados en terapia fotodinámica. En primer lugar se ha investigado la influencia de la matriz polimérica y del recubrimiento superficial con PEG sobre las características fisicoquímicas, fotofísicas y fotobiológicas de suspensiones con un fotosensibilizador atrapado físicamente. El recubrimiento con PEG confiere una mayor estabilidad a las nanopartículas en medio biológico. El oxígeno singlete generado en las nanopartículas de PLGA permanece confinado en su interior, mientras que la presencia de PEG facilita la difusión del oxígeno singlete al medio externo, así como una liberación más rápida del fotosensibilizador. En ambos casos, éste se localiza en los lisosomas en el interior de las células e induce muerte celular por apoptosis, lo que indica que ambos tipos de nanopartículas liberan el fotosensibilizador dentro de la célula. El efecto fototóxico es sin embargo superior y más rápido para las nanopartículas PEGiladas de acuerdo con las observaciones de oxígeno singlete. El papel de la estructura química del fotosensibilizador en las propiedades fotofísicas y fotobiológicas de las nanopartículas también se ha investigado. Los fotosensibilizadores no metalados se agregan dentro de las nanopartículas, mientras que los metalados restan en forma monomérica. Cuando éstos se unen covalentemente a las nanopartículas, sus propiedades químicas influyen en su localización en las mismas y, en consecuencia, en las propiedades fotofísicas de la suspensión, aunque preservan sus propiedades fotofísicas. Los fotosensibilizadores encapsulados son capaces de inducir mortalidad celular aunque estén agregados dentro de las nanopartículas, mientras que los que están unidos covalentemente no lo son. Este hecho permite concluir que la liberación del fotosensibilizador dentro de la célula es crucial para lograr una respuesta fotodinámica, y que las nanopartículas de PEG-PLGA no son internalizadas por las células, sino que liberan el fotosensibilizador en la superficie celular, lo que no ocurre cuando el fotosensibilizador se une covalentemente a las nanopartículas. Finalmente, se ha examinado el potencial de la vehiculización activa mediante la conjugación del péptido cRGDfK a la superficie de las nanopartículas. La presencia de PEG es esencial para lograr un mayor aumento en la concentración celular de fotosensibilizador. Sin embargo, dicha mayor concentración no produce una mayor fototoxicidad en comparación con las nanopartículas no marcadas, lo que sugiere que una mayor internalización no es el único factor importante en el resultado final de la terapia fotodinámica.This thesis reports the study of poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly-(D,L-lactide) (PLA) nanoparticles and their poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated counterparts as delivery systems for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. First, the influence of the polymeric matrix and of the PEG surface coating on the physicochemical, photophysical and photobiological properties of nanoparticle suspensions containing a physically entrapped photosensitizer has been studied. PEG coating confers a higher stability to the nanoparticles in biological media containing serum proteins. Singlet oxygen produced in bare PLGA nanoparticles remains confined within them, while PEG surface coating facilitates singlet oxygen diffusion to the external medium as well as a faster drug release from the nanoparticles. In both cases, the photosensitizer localizes in lysosomes and induces cell death by apoptosis. The phototoxic effect is superior and faster for PEGylated NPs, in agreement with the singlet oxygen observations. The role of the chemical structure of the photosensitizer on the photophysical and photobiological properties of the colloidal suspensions has been subsequently investigated. Free base photosensitizers aggregate when entrapped in the nanoparticles, whereas metallated ones are incorporated in monomeric form. When the photosensitizers are covalently conjugated to the nanoparticles, their chemical properties influence their localization in the nanoparticles and consequently, the photophysical properties of the suspension, although they remain photophysically active. Physically entrapped photosensitizers are able to induce cell mortality in cells even if they are aggregated in the nanoparticles, while covalently conjugated photosensitizers are not. This drives us to the conclusions that the delivery of the photosensitizer into the cell is crucial to achieve a photodynamic response, and that PEG-PLGA nanoparticles are not internalized by cells but they rather deliver their cargo at the cell surface, which does not occur when the photosensitizer is covalently bound to the nanoparticles. Finally, we have explored the potential of the active targeting strategy by conjugating the cRGDfK peptide to the surface of the nanoparticles. The presence of a PEG side chain is essential to achieve an enhanced increase in the photosensitizer delivery into the cell, but unfortunately, it does not render a higher phototoxicity to the cells compared to the non-targeted nanoparticles, which suggests that a higher internalization is not the only important factor in the final outcome of photodynamic therapy

Spectroscopic characterization of Mn-Co-Ce mixed oxides, active catalysts for COPROX reaction

Mn-Co-Ce mixed oxides are active and selective catalysts for the CO preferential oxidation (COPROX), which is a promising process for the purification of hydrogen streams. In this work, we report a careful spectroscopic characterization of the said system, with the aim of relating its physical chemistry properties to the catalytic behavior. In all the Co-Mn-Ce samples, we detected the formation of partially developed (Mn,Co)3O4 mixed spinels. The presence of these species, which can be reduced during the TPR experiments at an intermediate temperature range (300-600°C), was also suggested by XRD and LRS. XPS results show that in all cases the catalytic surface is enriched in Mn, while the opposite occurs for Co. As regards the catalytic activity, we observed that the best formulations were those containing intermediate Mn/Co ratios (1/4 and 1/1), which can be ascribed to the promoting effect of Mn in improving the redox properties of Co active sites and provoking an increase in surface area. The best catalyst, which has a Mn/Co ratio of 1/4, was very stable after 75 h of time-on-stream with CO2 included in the feed.Fil: Gómez, Leticia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET -Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica; Argentina;Fil: Miro, Eduardo Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET -Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica; Argentina;Fil: Boix, Alicia Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET -Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica; Argentina

The "CPC clip motif" : a conserved structural signature for heparin-binding proteins

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential molecules that regulate diverse biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, signaling and growth, by interaction with a wide variety of proteins. However, despite the efforts committed to understand the molecular nature of the interactions in protein-GAG complexes, the answer to this question remains elusive. In the present study the interphases of 20 heparin-binding proteins have been analyzed searching for a conserved structural pattern. We have found that a structural motif encompassing one polar and two cationic residues (which has been named the CPC clip motif) is conserved among all the proteins deposited in the PDB. The distances between the α carbons and the side chain center of gravity of the residues composing this motif are also conserved. Furthermore, this pattern can be found in other proteins suggested to bind heparin for which no structural information is available. Hence we propose that the CPC clip motif, working like a staple, is a primary contributor to the attachment of heparin and other sulfated GAGs to heparin-binding proteins

Importancia de los estudios de erosión en la planificación de usos del suelo. Veinte años de estudios en la Comunidad Valenciana

8 páginas, 3 tablas.En este trabajo se resalta la importancia de incorporar la evaluación de la erosión hídrica del suelo en ejercicios de planificación de usos del territorio, a través de los estudios que se han ido llevando a cabo durante más de veinte años en la Comunidad Valenciana. Durante este período, se han desarrollado y aplicado tanto métodos cuantitativos de predicción (fundamentalmente adaptando la USLE a las particulares condiciones ambientales de este ámbito) como procedimientos cualitativos de estimación. Aunque todavía no existe una metodología totalmente satisfactoria para la evaluación del proceso erosivo en el ámbito mediterráneo, la experiencia acumulada muestra que las aproximaciones aplicadas permiten plantear propuestas adecuadas de orientaciones y recomendaciones de usos y de planes de asignación de usos al suelo.Peer reviewe

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identifies key modules and hub genes associated with mycobacterial infection of human macrophages

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death worldwide. Treatments remain unsatisfactory due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying host–pathogen interactions during infection. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify key macrophage modules and hub genes associated with mycobacterial infection. WGCNA was performed combining our own transcriptomic results using Mycobacterium aurum-infected human monocytic macrophages (THP1) with publicly accessible datasets obtained from three types of macrophages infected with seven different mycobacterial strains in various one-to-one combinations. A hierarchical clustering tree of 11,533 genes was built from 198 samples, and 47 distinct modules were revealed. We identified a module, consisting of 226 genes, which represented the common response of host macrophages to different mycobacterial infections that showed significant enrichment in innate immune stimulation, bacterial pattern recognition, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Moreover, by network analysis applied to the 74 genes with the best correlation with mycobacteria infection, we identified the top 10 hub-connecting genes: NAMPT, IRAK2, SOCS3, PTGS2, CCL20, IL1B, ZC3H12A, ABTB2, GFPT2, and ELOVL7. Interestingly, apart from the well-known Toll-like receptor and inflammation-associated genes, other genes may serve as novel TB diagnosis markers and potential therapeutic targets

Correction to: Lu et al. weighted gene co-expression network analysis identifies key modules and hub genes associated with mycobacterial infection of human macrophages. antibiotics 2021, 10, 97

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...

Routine cerebrospinal fluid parameters as biomarkers in first-episode psychosis: A prospective observational study

In recent years, multiple studies have investigated the role of biomarkers in first-episode psychosis (FEP) to facilitate early diagnosis, disease stratification, therapeutic choice and outcome prediction. Few studies have focused on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigations. In this prospective observational study, 95 FEP inpatients were followed up for one year. A lumbar puncture was performed at index admission (baseline) to study the CSF parameters (glucose, total proteins, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and pleocytosis). At the baseline visit, the clinical assessment included prodromal (psychotic and non-psychotic) symptoms before the psychotic outbreak and psychopathology at admission. The SCID-I was administered to obtain a clinical diagnosis at baseline and at 12 months. The relationship between prodromal and psychopathology symptoms at the baseline visit was tested with multiple linear regression. Multinomial logistic regression was also used to explore the association between CSF biomarkers and longitudinal diagnoses at follow-up (schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder vs unipolar/bipolar depression vs other psychoses). Higher CSF glucose was associated with depressive (Standardized beta = 0.27, p = 0.041) and disorganized/concrete symptoms (Standardized beta = 0.33, p = 0.023) and lower CSF LDH was associated with prodromal symptoms (Standardized beta = −0.25, p = 0.042). Lower LDH concentrations were also associated with social withdrawal (r = −0.342, p = 0.001). CSF glucose was a predictor of the long-term diagnosis (lower CSF concentrations were associated with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder diagnoses [OR = 0.88, CI95%: 0.77–0.99). Our study suggests that CSF biomarkers that involve bioenergetic systems are associated with prodromal symptoms and the phenotype of psychotic disorders during the early stages of the disease

Synthesis and Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers of Sr-La-Ce Oxides as Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

Catalytic nanofibers composed of La-Ce and Sr-La-Ce oxides were synthesized by the electrospinning method with 5 wt % Sr and different La/Ce molar ratios. The materials were obtained by calcining electrospun polymer composite fibers and were studied for the oxidative coupling of methane. The catalytic performance was compared with analogous Sr-La-Ce powder catalysts. SEM micrographs of Sr-La-Ce fibers (La/Ce: 0.1, 0.2, 1, and 3) showed nanostructures with homogeneous and uniform diameters (170-200 nm). In addition, the XRD patterns revealed the formation of crystalline solid solutions like LaxCeyOz. The strontium enhanced the CH4 conversion and C2 selectivity since it possibly generated structural defects that promote the formation of superoxide species. The SrLaCe3 nanofibers reached a CH4 conversion of 28.5% and C2 yield of 21.7% at 600 °C. The randomly packed nanofibers improved the heat and mass transfer properties due to their high geometric surface ratio with high bed porosity.Fil: Sollier, Brenda Maria del Valle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera". Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera"; ArgentinaFil: Bonne, Magali. Université Haute-alsace.; FranciaFil: Khenoussi, Nabyl. Université Haute-alsace.; FranciaFil: Michelin, Laure. Université Haute-alsace.; FranciaFil: Miro, Eduardo Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera". Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera"; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Leticia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera". Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera"; ArgentinaFil: Boix, Alicia Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera". Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Investigaciones en Catálisis y Petroquímica "Ing. José Miguel Parera"; ArgentinaFil: Lebeau, Benedicte. Université Haute-alsace.; Franci

Clozapine and paliperidone palmitate antipsychotic combination in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: A retrospective 6-month mirror-image study

Background: Around 30% of patients with schizophrenia are considered treatment resistant (TRS). Only around 40% of TRS patients respond to clozapine. Long acting injectable antipsychotics could be a useful augmentation strategy for nonresponders. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, observational, naturalistic, retrospective, 6-month mirror-image study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of clozapine and paliperidone palmitate association in 50 patients with TRS and other psychotic disorders. Clinical outcomes and side effects were systematically assessed. Results: Six months after starting the combined treatment, participants showed a significant relief of symptoms, decreasing the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total score from 18.32 ± 7.71 to 7.84 ± 5.16 (p < 0.001). The number of hospitalizations, the length of hospital stays and the number of visits to emergency services also decreased, while an increase of the functionality was observed (Personal and Social Performance total score increased from 46.06 ± 118.7 to 60.86 ± 18.68, p < 0.001). There was also a significant decrease in the number and severity of side effects with the combination therapy, decreasing the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser total score from 10.76 ± 8.04 to 8.82 ± 6.63 (p = 0.004). Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence that combining clozapine with paliperidone palmitate in patients with TRS and other psychotic disorders could be effective and safe, suggesting further research with randomized controlled trials of augmentation strategies for clozapine nonresponder patients. Policy Significance Statement: Patients with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia show a variable response to antipsychotic treatments. Around 30% of patients are considered treatment resistant, indicated by insufficient symptom control to at least two different drugs. In these resistant cases, clozapine should be indicated, as it has shown to be superior to other options. However, only 40% of patients respond to clozapine, being necessary to establish which treatments could best potentiate clozapine action. Combining clozapine with long acting injectable antipsychotics, and particularly paliperidone palmitate, could be a useful strategy. We conducted a multicenter study of 50 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders comparing the efficacy and tolerability in the 6 month-period prior and after starting the clozapine and paliperidone palmitate association. Our study suggests that this combination could be effective and safer, laying the groundwork for future clinical trials with this combination

Crystal structure of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from Myxococcus xanthus and its complex with the inhibitor acifluorfen

Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase, a monotopic membrane protein, which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX in the heme/chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, is distributed widely throughout nature. Here we present the structure of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase from Myxococcus xanthus, an enzyme with similar catalytic properties to human protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase that also binds the common plant herbicide, acifluorfen. In the native structure, the planar porphyrinogen substrate is mimicked by a Tween 20 molecule, tracing three sides of the macrocycle. In contrast, acifluorfen does not mimic the planarity of the substrate but is accommodated by the shape of the binding pocket and held in place by electrostatic and aromatic interactions. A hydrophobic patch surrounded by positively charged residues suggests the position of the membrane anchor, differing from the one proposed for the tobacco mitochondrial protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Interestingly, there is a discrepancy between the dimerization state of the protein in solution and in the crystal. Conserved structural features are discussed in relation to a number of South African variegate porphyria-causing mutations in the human enzyme