Caracterización de los productos obtenidos a partir de la biodigestión del lactosuero

“A lo largo del proceso de elaboración del queso se genera como subproducto una gran cantidad de lactosuero. Este subproducto se caracteriza por su elevado contenido de agua y materia orgánica (lactosa y proteínas en su mayoría), por lo que es necesario su tratamiento para evitar problemas de contaminación o en el mejor de los casos su valorización para la recuperación de los principales compuestos. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo la biodigestión anaerobia del lactosuero bruto procedente de la producción de queso tipo fresco de una quesería que se ubica en la comunidad de San Antonio Soledad, Puebla para la obtención de productos de mayor valor agregado (entre ellos el biogás). Además, se planteó la codigestión del lactosuero con abono de vaca como una opción para agilizar el tratamiento de este subproducto altamente contaminante. Se fijaron los parámetros reportados para otros sustratos que podría permitir la producción de biogás y posteriormente se procedió a determinar los productos obtenidos y la utilidad de éstos. En este sentido, se comprobó la producción de aziridina (C2H4NH) y 1- metilurea (C2H6N2O) en mayor proporción y solo en pequeñas trazas, dióxido de carbono (CO2) y Etanol (C2H6O)”

Investigating the relationship between pollination strategies and the size-advantage model in zoophilous plants using the reproductive biology of Arum cylindraceum and other European Arum species as case studies

The size-advantage model (SAM) explains the temporal variation of energetic investment on reproductive structures (i.e. male and female gametes and reproductive organs) in long-lived hermaphroditic plants and animals. It proposes that an increase in the resources available to an organism induces a higher relative investment on the most energetically costly sexual structures. In plants, pollination interactions are known to play an important role in the evolution of floral features. Because the SAM directly concerns flower characters, pollinators are expected to have a strong influence on the application of the model. This hypothesis, however, has never been tested. Here, we investigate whether the identity and diversity of pollinators can be used as a proxy to predict the application of the SAM in exclusive zoophilous plants. We present a new approach to unravel the dynamics of the model and test it on several widespread Arum (Araceae) species. By identifying the species composition, abundance and spatial variation of arthropods trapped in inflorescences, we show that some species (i.e. A. cylindraceum and A. italicum) display a generalist reproductive strategy, relying on the exploitation of a low number of dipterans, in contrast to the pattern seen in the specialist A. maculatum (pollinated specifically by two fly species only). Based on the model presented here, the application of the SAM is predicted for the first two and not expected in the latter species, those predictions being further confirmed by allometric measures. We here demonstrate that while an increase in the female zone occurs in larger inflorescences of generalist species, this does not happen in species demonstrating specific pollinators. This is the first time that this theory is both proposed and empirically tested in zoophilous plants. Its overall biological importance is discussed through its application in other non-Arum system

Risks to pollinators and pollination from invasive alien species

Invasive alien species modify pollinator biodiversity and the services they provide that underpin ecosystem function and human well-being. Building on the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) global assessment of pollinators and pollination, we synthesize current understanding of invasive alien impacts on pollinators and pollination. Invasive alien species create risks and opportunities for pollinator nutrition, re-organize species interactions to affect native pollination and community stability, and spread and select for virulent diseases. Risks are complex but substantial, and depend greatly on the ecological function and evolutionary history of both the invader and the recipient ecosystem. We highlight evolutionary implications for pollination from invasive alien species, and identify future research directions, key messages and options for decision-making

Assessing the potential of RAD-sequencing to resolve phylogenetic relationships within species radiations: The fly genus Chiastocheta (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) as a case study

Determining phylogenetic relationships among recently diverged species has long been a challenge in evolutionary biology. Cytoplasmic DNA markers, which have been widely used, notably in the context of molecular barcoding, have not always proved successful in resolving such phylogenies. However, with the advent of next-generation-sequencing technologies and associated techniques of reduced genome representation, phylogenies of closely related species have been resolved at a much higher detail in the last couple of years. Here we examine the potential and limitations of one of such techniques—Restriction-site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing, a method that produces thousands of (mostly) anonymous nuclear markers, in disentangling the phylogeny of the fly genus Chiastocheta (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). In Europe, this genus encompasses seven species of seed predators, which have been widely studied in the context of their ecological and evolutionary interactions with the plant Trollius europaeus (Ranunculaceae). So far, phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial markers failed to resolve monophyly of most of the species from this recently diversified genus, suggesting that their taxonomy may need a revision. However, relying on a single, non-recombining marker and ignoring potential incongruences between mitochondrial and nuclear loci may provide an incomplete account of the lineage history. In this study, we applied both classical Sanger sequencing of three mtDNA regions and RAD-sequencing, for reconstructing the phylogeny of the genus. Contrasting with results based on mitochondrial markers, RAD-sequencing analyses retrieved the monophyly of all seven species, in agreement with the morphological species assignment. We found robust nuclear-based species assignment of individual samples, and low levels of estimated contemporary gene flow among them. However, despite recovering species’ monophyly, interspecific relationships varied depending on the set of RAD loci considered, producing contradictory topologies. Moreover, coalescence-based phylogenetic analyses revealed low supports for most of the interspecific relationships. Our results indicate that despite the higher performance of RAD-sequencing in terms of species trees resolution compared to cytoplasmic markers, reconstructing inter-specific relationships among recently-diverged lineages may lie beyond the possibilities offered by large sets of RAD-sequencing markers in cases of strong gene tree incongruence

Perspectivas de la empresa y la economía mexicana frente a la reestructuración productiva

1 archivo PDF (404 páginas)Este texto se presenta una reflexión de investigadores de la UAM, así como de otras Instituciones de Educación Superior respecto al marco en el que se han desenvuelto las empresas mexicanas en los últimos años, así como del desarrollo en algunos de sus sistemas organizacionales. PALABRAS CLAVE: Mexico Economic policy 1970-1994

Comparative Phylogeography in a Specific and Obligate Pollination Antagonism

In specific and obligate interactions the nature and abundance of a given species can have important effects on the survival and population dynamics of associated organisms. In a phylogeographic framework, we therefore expect that the fates of organisms interacting specifically are also tightly interrelated. Here we investigate such a scenario by analyzing the genetic structures of species interacting in an obligate plant-insect pollination lure-and-trap antagonism, involving Arum maculatum (Araceae) and its specific psychodid (Diptera) visitors Psychoda phalaenoides and Psycha grisescens. Because the interaction is asymmetric (i.e., only the plant depends on the insect), we expect the genetic structure of the plant to be related with the historical pollinator availability, yielding incongruent phylogeographic patterns between the interacting organisms

Scientists' warning on climate change and insects

Climate warming is considered to be among the most serious of anthropogenic stresses to the environment, because it not only has direct effects on biodiversity, but it also exacerbates the harmful effects of other human-mediated threats. The associated consequences are potentially severe, particularly in terms of threats to species preservation, as well as in the preservation of an array of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. Among the most affected groups of animals are insects—central components of many ecosystems—for which climate change has pervasive effects from individuals to communities. In this contribution to the scientists' warning series, we summarize the effect of the gradual global surface temperature increase on insects, in terms of physiology, behavior, phenology, distribution, and species interactions, as well as the effect of increased frequency and duration of extreme events such as hot and cold spells, fires, droughts, and floods on these parameters. We warn that, if no action is taken to better understand and reduce the action of climate change on insects, we will drastically reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy, functional ecosystems. We discuss perspectives on relevant ways to conserve insects in the face of climate change, and we offer several key recommendations on management approaches that can be adopted, on policies that should be pursued, and on the involvement of the general public in the protection effort

Actualidad y prospectiva de la investigación científica en el Centro Universitario Amecameca de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Con responsabilidad, se organizó un programa cuya finalidad fuera publicitar con transparencia dichos avances, a través de un esfuerzo de rendición de cuentas a la comunidad inmediata, la universitaria, y a la comunidad abierta, la sociedad que la principal referencia para tal efecto. El programa se concretiza a través del presente libro, conformado con una inspiración de investigación multidisciplinaria; sin embargo, para llegar a tal fin, el reto es realizar el proceso de búsqueda y generación de conocimiento transitando hacia la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos, que puedan construir nuevos conocimientos fortalecidos por la convergencia de diferentes campos del saber. En consecuencia, la primera etapa de esta estrategia es la publicidad de los trabajos investigativos ejercidos, para hacer un balance al día, pero también proyectar el futuro de cada campo y área del conocimiento. La organización explicativa está organizada por tres bloques representativos del quehacer en la generación de conocimiento del Centro Universitario, un primer bloque centra el interés en las humanidades, educación y sustentabilidad; el segundo bloque lo integra la reflexión científica sobre la construcción democrática, derechos humanos y equidad de género; en el tercer segmento se destina a la seguridad alimentaria, salud pública y sistemas agropecuarios. La actualidad de la investigación eleva la producción lograda y lo que en el momento se encuentra en construcción y los alcances que produce para la docencia, la investigación misma, y para la sociedad en general. La prospectiva es un área que todos los capítulos desarrollan con el propósito de delinear los alcances innovadores por andar en teoría, metodología e incluso en los saberes mismo

Ejercicio profesional de operadoras jurídicas que atienden programas de acceso a la justicia para mujeres en situación de violencia

La tesis titulada “Ejercicio Profesional de Operadoras Jurídicas que Atienden Programas de Acceso a la Justicia para Mujeres en Situación de Violencia”, tiene el objetivo de analizar cómo la violencia comunitaria afecta el ejercicio profesional de atención del personal operativo, que labora en un programa de procuración de la justicia para mujeres que viven o han vivido violencia, en el contexto de México. El concepto de violencia comunitaria alude a prejuicios que se construyen y reproducen en el ámbito de la comunidad, mediante discursos que legitiman la violencia contra las mujeres. En el primer capítulo se discute el término de violencia de género contra las mujeres, y su relación con la dominación masculina y la violencia en el Estado liberal, para reconocer que la violencia se sostiene sobre dos sistemas, el de contrato y el de estatus, desde donde se construyen los discursos de violencia comunitaria. Para efecto de reconocerla se realizó un taller participativo con operadoras jurídicas (OJ), a las que se les invitó a reflexionar sobre su ejercicio profesional de atención. Lo expresado en este taller se recupera como discursos que se convierten en textos a través de transcripciones, los cuales se analizaron utilizando las herramientas del análisis crítico del discurso, que se explican en el segundo capítulo. El resultado del análisis se presenta en los últimos dos capítulos de donde se desprenden como aportes: que en los discursos de las OJ existen elementos de violencia comunitaria a través de los cuales se transfiere la responsabilidad a las víctimas sobre su situación de violencia y el curso de su atención. Esto cumple las funciones de: racionalizar la violencia y gestionar el impacto que los casos de violencia genera en las OJ; clasificar a las víctimas para poder dar prioridad a las que primero lo necesitan; eludirse del sufrimiento de las víctimas que les genera culpas, y proyectar una identidad valiosa como profesionales a partir de construir una identidad diferente a la de las mujeres maltratadas. El resultado es que las mujeres que acuden a los programas son clasificadas, a partir de prejuicios que les impiden alcanzar el estatus de víctima ideal necesario para acceder al apoyo del sistema de procuración de justicia, por lo cual la violencia comunitaria se convierte en una barrera subjetiva de acceso a la justicia. Finalmente, se destaca que algunos prejuicios provienen del orden simbólico de género, pero en la actualidad, se mezclan con otros discursos de exclusión modernos como son la psicologización, la lógica de lo individual y la clase social.The thesis entitled "Professional Exercise of Legal Operators Serving Access to Justice Programs for Women in Situation of Violence", has the objective of analyzing how community violence affects the professional exercise of care of the operative personnel, who works in a program of Justice for women who live or have experienced violence, in the context of Mexico. The concept of community violence refers to prejudices that are built and reproduced within the community, through discourses that legitimize violence against women. The first chapter discusses the term of gender violence against women, and its relation to male domination and violence in the liberal state, to recognize that violence is based on two systems: contract and status, where the discourses of community violence are constructed. In order to recognize it, a participatory workshop was held with legal operators (OJ in spanish), who were invited to reflect on their professional practice of care. What is expressed in this workshop is recovered as speeches that become texts through transcripts, which were analyzed using the tools of critical discourse analysis, which are explained in the second chapter. The result of the analysis is presented in the last two chapters from which they are given as contributions: elements of community violence are in speeches of the OJ, through these responsibility about their situation of violence and attention is transferred to the victims. This has the functions of: rationalizing violence and managing the impact that violence causes in OJ; Classifying victims so that they can prioritize those who first need it; To evade the suffering of the victims who are blaming them, and to project a valuable identity as professionals from building a different identity to that of battered women. The result is that the women who attend the programs are classified, based on prejudices that prevent them from achieving the ideal victim status necessary to access the support of the justice system, whereby community violence becomes a justice barrier access. Finally, it is highlighted that some prejudices come from the symbolic order of gender, but at present, they are mixed with other discourses of modern exclusion such as psychologization, individual logic and social class