20 research outputs found
The Chef In Society: Origins And Development
In his discourse - The Chef In Society: Origins And Development - Marcel R. Escoffier, Graduate Student, School of Hospitality Management at Florida International University, initially offers: âThe role of the modern professional chef has its origins in ancient Greece. The author traces that history and looks at the evolution of the executive chef as a manager and administrator.â
âChefs, as tradespersons, can trace their origins to ancient Greece,â the author offers with citation. âMost were slavesâŠâ he also informs you.
Even at that low estate in life, the chef was master of the slaves and servants who were at close hand in the environment in which they worked. âIn Athens, a cook was the master of all the household slavesâŠâ says Escoffier.
As Athenian influence wanes and Roman civilization picks-up the torch, chefs maintain and increase their status as important tradesmen in society. âHere the first professional societies of cooks were formed, almost a hierarchy,â Escoffier again cites the information. âIt was in Rome that cooks established their first academy: Colleqium Coquorum,â he further reports.
Chefs, again, increase their significance during the following Italian Renaissance as the scope of their influence widens.
ââŠit is an historical fact that the marriage of Henry IV and Catherine de Medici introduced France to the culinary wonders of the Italian Renaissance,â Escoffier enlightens you. âCertainly the professional chef in France became more sophisticated and more highly regarded by society after the introduction of the Italian cooking concepts.â
The author wants you to know that by this time cookbooks are already making important inroads and contributing to the history of cooking above and beyond their obvious informational status.
Outside of the apparent European influences in cooking, Escoffier also ephemerally mentions the development of Chinese and Indian chefs. âIt is interesting to note that the Chinese, held by at least one theory as the progenitors of most of the culinary heritage, never developed a high esteem for the position of chef,â Escoffier maintains the historical tack.
âIt was not until the middle 18th Century that the first professional chef went public. Until that time, only the great houses of the nobility could afford to maintain a chef,â Escoffier notes. This private-to-public transition, in conjunction with culinary writing are benchmarks for the profession. Chefs now establish authority and eminence.
The remainder of the article devotes itself to the development of the professional chef; especially the melding of two seminal figures in the culinary arts, Cesar Ritz and August Escoffier. The works of Frederick Taylor are also highlighted
Food Service Operations in the Cruise Industry
Food service on a cruise ship presents some unique challenges. A review of food service in the cruise industry is presented along with some ideas on the future. The case is made for a change in traditional operations with a move toward greater use of computer-driven management techniques
Yield Management: Where We\u27ve Been, Where We Are, Where We\u27re Going
The author describes yield management and the technology used to implement yield management in hotels, issues in usefulness, and legal issues concerning the use of yield management. A look into the future is provided, along with a critique of what further research may be needed in order to raise the level of usefulness of yield management systems in the hotel industry to that found in the airlines
In My Opinion⊠Good Intentions Don\u27t Count
While simple guest surveys can be poorly constructed with little negative consequences, often surveys are used in making important policy decisions. Researchers and policy makers must carefully construct their research instruments in order to avoid biases which may result in muddled or incorrect responses. The authors review the process of creating, administering, and analyzing surveys with an eye toward reducing survey bias to a minimum. Reliable results require a rigorous and careful approach when creating and using instruments
Tourism: Who Needs It?
Is tourism economically beneficial? If so, who benefits? How much of the money generated through tourism can be channeled into other projects so desperately needed by the community without harming the local tour market? Will tourism continue to grow forever, or is there an end in sight? The authors discuss how tourism will change in approaching the next century: and how people will change if tourism is to remain such an important economic fact
The Travel Industry: What\u27s in a Name?
The travel and tourism industry is enormous in both size and importance. There can be little doubt that the field is striving to accommodate the diversity of opinion concerning what the industry is and how it can be improved and enlarged even further. Resistance to critiquing long-held beliefs about the industry may inhibit its future. Deconstruction, a postmodern method of analysis, is proposed as one tool with which to engage in reflection upon what the industry is and where it may be headed
ANTARES: the first undersea neutrino telescope
The ANTARES Neutrino Telescope was completed in May 2008 and is the first
operational Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea. The main purpose of
the detector is to perform neutrino astronomy and the apparatus also offers
facilities for marine and Earth sciences. This paper describes the design, the
construction and the installation of the telescope in the deep sea, offshore
from Toulon in France. An illustration of the detector performance is given