Technologies de l'information et de la communication de la chaîne logistique en amont : pratiques d'entreprises

La recherche d'une compétitivité de plus en plus grande dans les années 80 et la mondialisation des années 90 ont amené les entreprises à externaliser nombre de leurs activités et à délocaliser leurs unités de production. Le phénomène d'externalisation a eu pour conséquence un déplacement des frontières des entreprises par la création de réseaux de partenaires dont l'articulation donne lieu à la formation d'une chaîne logistique ou supply chain composée d'un panel fournisseurs et sous-traitants. Les partenaires de cette chaîne sont à la fois de plus en plus sélectionnés, réduits en nombre et de plus en plus éloignés géographiquement de la firme « pivot » donneuse d'ordre (Goffin & al. 1997). Cet éloignement pose un problème de densité organisationnelle et fait émerger avec une plus grande intensité le problème de la coordination-coopération entre chacun des maillons de la chaîne logistique (Gupta, 1999). La question générale posée dans cet article est celle des critères qui fondent actuellement le choix des fournisseurs et donc la construction d'une chaîne logistique. Plus spécifiquement, dans un contexte d'éloignement des sources d'approvisionnement et de recherche de partenariat, cette étude cherche à évaluer l'importance des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) en tant que critère de choix d'un fournisseur. On cherchera à répondre à deux questions : quel est, en 2007, le poids relatif des TIC par rapport aux autres grands critères classiques ? Quels sont les outils TIC que les entreprises privilégient dans la sélection de leurs fournisseurs ?Chaîne logistique amont; Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC); Processus de sélection du fournisseur; Coopération; Collaboration

Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients.

BACKGROUND: Antifibrinolytics reduce death from bleeding in trauma and post-partum haemorrhage. We examined the effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness of antifibrinolytics. METHODS: We did an individual patient-level data meta-analysis of randomised trials done with more than 1000 patients that assessed antifibrinolytics in acute severe bleeding. We identified trials done between Jan 1, 1946, and April 7, 2017, from MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, PubMed, Popline, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The primary measure of treatment benefit was absence of death from bleeding. We examined the effect of treatment delay on treatment effectiveness using logistic regression models. We investigated the effect of measurement error (misclassification) in sensitivity analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number 42016052155. FINDINGS: We obtained data for 40 138 patients from two randomised trials of tranexamic acid in acute severe bleeding (traumatic and post-partum haemorrhage). Overall, there were 3558 deaths, of which 1408 (40%) were from bleeding. Most (884 [63%] of 1408) bleeding deaths occurred within 12 h of onset. Deaths from post-partum haemorrhage peaked 2-3 h after childbirth. Tranexamic acid significantly increased overall survival from bleeding (odds ratio [OR] 1·20, 95% CI 1·08-1·33; p=0·001), with no heterogeneity by site of bleeding (interaction p=0·7243). Treatment delay reduced the treatment benefit (p<0·0001). Immediate treatment improved survival by more than 70% (OR 1·72, 95% CI 1·42-2·10; p<0·0001). Thereafter, the survival benefit decreased by 10% for every 15 min of treatment delay until 3 h, after which there was no benefit. There was no increase in vascular occlusive events with tranexamic acid, with no heterogeneity by site of bleeding (p=0·5956). Treatment delay did not modify the effect of tranexamic acid on vascular occlusive events. INTERPRETATION: Death from bleeding occurs soon after onset and even a short delay in treatment reduces the benefit of tranexamic acid administration. Patients must be treated immediately. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of the mechanism of action of tranexamic acid. FUNDING: UK NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme, Pfizer, BUPA Foundation, and J P Moulton Charitable Foundation (CRASH-2 trial). London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (WOMAN trial)

How to measure Innovative Supply Chain Strategies (ISCS) in the context of SCM? -Construct development and measurement validation

CAHIER DE RECHERCHE n°2014-01 E5Nowadays, organizations have to innovate either in product or in management (Damanpour and Aravind, 2012). Ifinnovations in product are largely studied (Garcia and Calantone, 2002), managerial innovations are seldom studied(Soosay et al., 2008; Arlbjørn et al., 2011). Simultaneously, organizations develop Supply Chain Management(SCM) to manage their inter-organizational relationships with their partners (Chen and Paulraj, 2004). SCM“constitutes an interesting potential area for creating competitive advantages through innovations” (Prahalad andKrishnan, 2008, p.14) e.g. VMI, CPFR and supply Kanban systems.Our interest is to underline and discuss the key dimensions explaining the performance of inter-organizationalmanagerial innovations in the context of SCM. From a large literature review, three dimensions emerge to measurethese innovations: (1) the conditions and context for their deployment, (2) the involved organization’s capacity for innovation and (3) the performance of these innovations. Nevertheless, no pertinent measurement scale exists to evaluate these three dimensions. In this perspective, the aim of this research is to develop and validate a scale measurement for each of them. The supporting methodology is quantitative. A structural equation modeling is applied to the data from a questionnaire to 170 inter-organizational anagerial innovations in the context of SCM in France. The three measurement scales resulting from this research represent major methodological and theoretical contributions to the field. Consequently, supply chain managers are able to identify the main issues and factors to perform interorganizational managerial innovations in the context of SCM

Le Knowledge Management appliqué aux problématiques de développement Durable dans la Supply Chain

Le concept de développement durable apparaît au début du XXe siècle dans des mouvements écologiques et de protection de la nature. L'expression de ce concept est citée pour la première fois en 1980 dans « La stratégie mondiale de la conservation » qui est l'un des très importants documents qui ont servi à redéfinir l'écologie après la Conférence de Stockholm, publié par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN). Pour les entreprises, le développement durable est apparu plus tardivement. Des pratiques se sont mises en place depuis la fin des années 90 mais des difficultés majeures persistent. Pour comprendre d'où proviennent certains blocages organisationnels, nous proposons, dans cet article, l'illustrer le modèle de Nonaka (1995) dans un contexte de développement durable dans la supply chain. Après avoir présenté les concepts de gestion des connaissances et de développement durable, nous décrirons la méthodologie de notre étude exploratoire ainsi que les premiers résultatsDéveloppement durable ; Knowledge Management ; Supply Chain ; Nonaka ; Modèle SECI

Validation of the BATT score for prehospital risk stratification of traumatic haemorrhagic death: usefulness for tranexamic acid treatment criteria.

Tranexamic acid reduces surgical blood loss and reduces deaths from bleeding in trauma patients. Tranexamic acid must be given urgently, preferably by paramedics at the scene of the injury or in the ambulance. We developed a simple score (Bleeding Audit Triage Trauma score) to predict death from bleeding. We conducted an external validation of the BATT score using data from the UK Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2018. We evaluated the impact of tranexamic acid treatment thresholds in trauma patients. We included 104,862 trauma patients with an injury severity score of 9 or above. Tranexamic acid was administered to 9915 (9%) patients. Of these 5185 (52%) received prehospital tranexamic acid. The BATT score had good accuracy (Brier score = 6%) and good discrimination (C-statistic 0.90; 95% CI 0.89-0.91). Calibration in the large showed no substantial difference between predicted and observed death due to bleeding (1.15% versus 1.16%, P = 0.81). Pre-hospital tranexamic acid treatment of trauma patients with a BATT score of 2 or more would avoid 210 bleeding deaths by treating 61,598 patients instead of avoiding 55 deaths by treating 9915 as currently. The BATT score identifies trauma patient at risk of significant haemorrhage. A score of 2 or more would be an appropriate threshold for pre-hospital tranexamic acid treatment

Performance Assessment of Out-of-Hospital Use of Pelvic Circumferential Compression Devices for Severely Injured Patients in Switzerland: A Nationwide Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Patients with severe pelvic fractures carry a greater risk of severe bleeding, and pelvic compression devices (PCCD) are used to stabilize the pelvis on the pre-hospital scene. The aim of this study was to describe the use of PCCD in the pre-hospital setting on a nationwide scale (Switzerland) and determine the sensitivity, specificity and rates of over- and under-triage of the current application practices. The secondary objective was to identify pre-hospital factors associated with unstable pelvic fractures. Retrospective cross-sectional study using anonymized patient data (1 January 2015-31 December 2020) from the Swiss Trauma Registry (STR). Based on AIS scores, patients were assigned a unique principal diagnosis among three categories (unstable pelvic fracture-stable pelvic fracture-other) and assessed for use or not of PCCD. Secondarily, patient characteristics, initial pre-hospital vital signs, means of pre-hospital transport and trauma mechanism were also extracted from the database. 2790 patients were included for analysis. A PCCD was used in 387 (13.9%) patients. In the PCCD group, 176 (45.5%) had an unstable pelvic fracture, 52 (13.4%) a stable pelvic fracture and 159 (41.1%) an injury unrelated to the pelvic region. In the group who did not receive a PCCD, 214 (8.9%) had an unstable pelvic fracture, 182 (7.6%) a stable pelvic fracture and 2007 (83.5%) an injury unrelated to the pelvic region. The nationwide sensitivity of PCCD application was 45.1% (95% CI 40.1-50.2), the specificity 91.2% (95% CI 90-92.3), with both over- and under-triage rates of 55%. The prevalence of unstable fractures in our population was 14% (390/2790). We identified female sex, younger age, lower systolic blood pressure, higher shock index, pedestrian hit and fall ≥3 m as possible risk factors for an unstable pelvic fracture. Our results demonstrate a nationwide both over- and under-triage rate of 55% for out-of-hospital PCCD application. Female gender, younger age, lower blood pressure, higher shock index, pedestrian hit and fall &gt;3 m are possible risk factors for unstable pelvic fracture, but it remains unclear if those parameters are relevant clinically to perform pre-hospital triage

Effects of tranexamic acid treatment in severely and non-severely injured trauma patients.

Urgent treatment with tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces bleeding deaths but there is disagreement about which patients should be treated. We examine the effects of TXA treatment in severely and non-severely injured trauma patients. We did an individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials with over 1000 trauma patients that assessed the effects of TXA on survival. We defined the severity of injury according to characteristics at first assessment: systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg and a heart rate greater than 120 beats per minute or Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than nine or any GCS with one or more fixed dilated pupils. The primary measure was survival on the day of the injury. We examined the effect of TXA on survival in severely and non-severely injured patients and how these effects vary with the time from injury to treatment. We obtained data for 32,944 patients from two randomized trials. Tranexamic acid significantly increased survival on the day of the injury (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.34; p &lt; .01). The effect of tranexamic acid on survival in non-severely injured patients (OR = 1.25, 1.03-1.50) was similar to that in severely injured patients (OR = 1.22, 1.09-1.37) with no significant heterogeneity (p = .87). In severely and non-severely injured pateints, treatment within the first hour after injury was the most effective. Early tranexamic acid treatment improves survival in both severely and non-severely injured trauma patients. Its use should not be restricted to the severely injured

L'intermodalité-voyageurs au prisme de la mondialisation : vers la structuration d'un méta-réseau intégré

Globalization sees world as a pertinent scale in the analysis of growing mobilities. Defined as network system, passenger intermodality seeks to improve transcalar trips and is thought as a tool for a new mobility paradigm : from a monomodal networks multiplicity to the meta-network integration, thanks to places of interchange, linking scales. Taking world as a whole, this study is primarily focused on passenger intermodality related to airport ground access. Indeed, airports, linking cities, regions and the world reveal the burning issues and stakes of a potential integrated intermodal network. Thought as a worldwide system, based upon gateway-status airports, this new meta-network doesn’t materialize. Still highly fragmented, dominant dynamics are macro-regional ones, which lead networks and services integration. The networks emergence drifts from a pioneering source : Rhinelander model, either imitated (Europe, Americas) or perfected (Eastern Asia). Three features define this model : making the use of networks easy for users from the start to the end thanks to interchanges. Secondly, actors adopt a broad systemic and territorial viewpoint. Customer’s needs and path are thought as a whole. Third, rules of (de)regulated markets demand innovation. Passenger intermodality is concerned with territorial marketing strategies within a globalization made of competition between metropolises. Regarded as a marketed product, intermodality produces interdependences between system’s actors then discovered. Optimal gestion makes intermodal system success, as proven by german model. At last, we underline complexity of passenger intermodality, linking three facets of globalization : by networks (including services), by speeches and pictures, by entrepreneurial strategies. Passenger intermodality, as a prism for globalization dynamics, is a mean to think of key concepts of geography and social sciences: place, individual, world.La mondialisation induit l’émergence du monde comme échelle désormais pertinente pour l’analyse de mobilités en croissance. L’intermodalité-voyageurs entendue comme un système actoriel favorisant les déplacements transcalaires, devient alors l’outil majeur d’un possible changement d’analyse des mobilités. La juxtaposition de réseaux monomodaux fait place à un méta-réseau déployant des interfaces multiples entre petites et grandes échelles. Ce travail à l’échelle mondiale se concentre sur les manifestations intermodales liées à l’accessibilité aéroportuaire. En effet, les aéroports, joignant la petite échelle, le monde, à la grande échelle (la ville, la région ou le quartier), concentrent les enjeux de la mise en place d’un réseau intermodal intégré, érigé en système. Centré sur les plates-formes aéroportuaires dotées du statut de gateway et se déployant uniformément à l’échelle mondiale, ce nouveau méta-réseau ne se concrétise pas. Il apparaît encore largement fragmenté, dominé par des dynamiques d’échelles régionales ou supra-nationales, marquées par une intégration plus ou moins avancée des réseaux-supports et des réseaux-services. L’émergence de tels réseaux provient d’une même matrice : l’imitation (Europe, Amériques) voire le perfectionnement (Asie Orientale), plus ou moins assumés et selon des conditions diverses, du modèle pionnier rhénan. Trois facteurs principaux expliquent la force de ce modèle. Au fondement de son efficacité pratique apparaît le principe de transcalarité, définie comme la capacité des utilisateurs à profiter de toute la capillarité des réseaux. Ce modèle s’appuie également sur une approche systémique et territoriale, favorisant les interactions entre acteurs. Ceux-ci envisagent globalement les besoins du client et l’ensemble de son cheminement. Ce changement d’attitude est rendu possible par l’introduction des règles du marché, troisième facteur de ce modèle. Dès lors, l’intermodalité-voyageurs s’inscrit dans des stratégies de promotion territoriale au sein d’une mondialisation compétitive et inter-métropolitaine. Considérée alors comme un produit, elle génère des interdépendances entre acteurs. La gestion optimale de ces interdépendances fait le succès du système intermodal. Cette recherche met ainsi en évidence la complexité de l’objet intermodalité-voyageurs, à la confluence d’une triple dynamique de mondialité : rétistique et servicielle, discursive et iconique et enfin capitalistique par les firmes. L’intermodalité-voyageurs permet enfin de réfléchir à des concepts-clés de la géographie et des sciences sociales : le lieu, l’individu, le monde

High Energy Neutrino Telescopes in the Northern Hemisphere

We review the status and results of the high energy neutrino telescopes in the Northern Hemisphere, namely ANTARES and Baikal (NT200+).Comment: Contribution to VLvNT 2011, to be published in NIM A, 6 pages, 8 figure

La philosophie mathématique de Roger Apéry

Pour qui s’intéresse à la philosophie des mathématiques, Roger Apéry (1916-1994) incarne le défenseur de la mathématique constructive et l’adversaire résolu du formalisme et du bourbakisme. On sait moins qu’il est aussi l’un des premiers universitaires français à avoir fait la promotion de la théorie des catégories, pourtant hautement structuraliste et souvent jugée comme très formelle. L’objectif principal de notre étude est de préciser les conditions historiques et la teneur philosophique du double enthousiasme d’Apéry, afin de vérifier la cohérence d’une pensée libre, originale et attachante.For anybody interested in philosophy of mathematics, Roger Apéry (1916-1994) is well known for advocating constructive mathematics and for being a resolute opponent to formalism and Bourbakism. It is less known that he was also one of the first French academics to promote category theory, in spite of its highly structural and formal nature. This study attempts to trace the historical conditions and philosophical content of Apéry’s double enthusiasm, in order to check the consistance of a free, original and attaching thought