Genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish native cattle breeds

Cattle are an important livestock species for human life, but certain breeds are at risk of extinction. Maintaining genetic diversity plays an important role in sustainable breeding and conservation programmes in farm animals. The aim of this study was to determine genetic diversity among five Turkish native cattle breeds. A total of 199 Turkish native cattle of the Native Southern Yellow (n = 40), South Anatolian Red (n = 40), Anatolian Grey Cattle (n = 40), Native Black Cattle (n = 39) and East Anatolian Red (n = 40) breeds were investigated using 22 autosomal microsatellite markers. The analysis revealed considerable genetic variation among these breeds. All loci were polymorphic, and a total of 545 alleles were found. Among these loci, only INRA032 was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Thirty-four private alleles with frequencies greater than 5% were found. Expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content indexes were 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. Native Southern Yellow, South Anatolian Red and Native Black Cattle breeds were closely related.Keywords: animal genetic resources, microsatellite, genetic relationship, genetic conservatio

Question asking in design reviews: how does inquiry facilitate the learning interaction?

Design reviews are common educational practice in design disciplines, where students meet with instructors and other stakeholders to discuss the progress of a project they are engaged in. Such reviews are tightly coupled with project-based learning approaches in the design studio. A number of research studies have looked into various characteristics of instructor-student interactions during design reviews. In this study, we investigated the question-asking behavior of instructors, students and clients. We paid particular attention to high-level questions that relate to causal and generative reasoning. We analyzed 22 reviews involving six undergraduate industrial designers, who undertook design projects individually. We observed that the instructors and clients were not effective in modeling question asking behavior for the students during the reviews. We also observed that the structure of the reviews did not facilitate the desired behavior either. Consequently, we present a theoretical framework that proposes a more explicit structure for design reviews, deliberately addressing particular aspects of the design process. Ultimately, we suggest that instructors should be inquisitive about the students’ design approach, and that the students should take responsibility for reflectively articulating their design thinking and actions during design reviews

Massless scalar fields and topological black holes

The exact static solutions in the higher dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Klein- Gordon theory are investigated. With the help of the methods developed for the effective dilaton type gauge gravity models in two dimensions, we find new spherically and hyperbolically symmetric solutions which generalize the four dimensional configurations of Dereli-Eris. We show that, like in four dimensions, the non-trivial scalar field yields, in general, a naked singularity. The new solutions are compared with the higher dimensional Brans-Dicke black hole type solutions.Comment: 15 pages, LATEX, no figures. (To appear in Phys. Rev. D

V444 Cygni X-ray and polarimetric variability: radiative and coriolis forces shape the wind collision region

We present results from a study of the eclipsing, colliding-wind binary V444 Cyg that uses a combination of X-ray and optical spectropolarimetric methods to describe the 3D nature of the shock and wind structure within the system. We have created the most complete X-ray light curve of V444 Cyg to date using 40 ks of new data from Swift, and 200 ks of new and archived XMM-Newton observations. In addition, we have characterized the intrinsic, polarimetric phase-dependent behavior of the strongest optical emission lines using data obtained with the University of Wisconsin's Half-Wave Spectropolarimeter. We have detected evidence of the Coriolis distortion of the wind-wind collision in the X-ray regime, which manifests itself through asymmetric behavior around the eclipses in the system's X-ray light curves. The large opening angle of the X-ray emitting region, as well as its location (i.e. the WN wind does not collide with the O star, but rather its wind) are evidence of radiative braking/inhibition occurring within the system. Additionally, the polarimetric results show evidence of the cavity the wind-wind collision region carves out of the Wolf-Rayet star's wind

Hydrology in the Sea of Marmara during the last 23 ka : implications for timing of Black Sea connections and sapropel deposition

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 25 (2010): PA1205, doi:10.1029/2009PA001735.Sediments deposited under lacustrine and marine conditions in the Sea of Marmara hold a Late Quaternary record for water exchange between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Here we report a multiproxy data set based on oxygen and strontium isotope results obtained from carbonate shells, major and trace elements, and specific organic biomarker measurements, as well as a micropaleontological study from a 14C-dated sediment core retrieved from the Sea of Marmara. Pronounced changes occurred in δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr values at the fresh and marine water transition, providing additional information in relation to micropaleontological data. Organic biomarker concentrations documented the marine origin of the sapropelic layer while changes in n-alkane concentrations clearly indicated an enhanced contribution for organic matter of terrestrial origin before and after the event. When compared with the Black Sea record, the results suggest that the Black Sea was outflowing to the Sea of Marmara from the Last Glacial Maximum until the warmer Bølling-Allerød. The first marine incursion in the Sea of Marmara occurred at 14.7 cal ka B.P. However, salinification of the basin was gradual, indicating that Black Sea freshwaters were still contributing to the Marmara seawater budget. After the Younger Dryas (which is associated with a high input of organic matter of terrestrial origin) both basins were disconnected, resulting in a salinity increase in the Sea of Marmara. The deposition of organic-rich sapropel that followed was mainly related to enhanced primary productivity characterized by a reorganization of the phytoplankton population.We acknowledge support from INSU and the French Polar Institute IPEV

Weaning uygulanan yoğun bakım hastalarında PSV ile MRV modlarının metabolik parametreler üzerine etkisi

Aim: Ninety percent of patients in the ICU require mechanical ventilation. Prolonged mechanical ventilation increases mortality and morbidity. Weaning is therefore very important. the hypothesis of our study is that mandatory rate ventilation (MRV) mode has a better effect on metabolic parameters than pressure support ventilation (PSV). For this aim the oxygene expenditure (VO2), produced carbondioxide (VCO2), and Energy expenditure (EE) values were measured. Materials and Methods: Eighteen were included in the study. Basal metabolic measurements were performed with an indirect calorimetry device. Patients were randomly seperated in either PSV or MRV groups. Patients were observed for 60 minutes. Respiratory rate (RR), respiratory mechanics, VO2, VCO2, and EE values were recorded. Results: MRV group. All metabolic parameters increased in both groups after the basal measurement but there weren’t any significant difference between groups regarding percent of change. Metabolic parameters in the MRV group stabilised after the first 30 minutes, while they continued to increase in the PSV group. Conclusion: As conclusion, statistically there was no difference, but clinicaly MRV was found to produce more stabile metabolic parameters in weaning patients compared with PSV.Amaç: YB hastalarının yaklaşık %90’ı mekanik ventilasyon desteğine ihtiyaç duyar. Uzamış mekanik ventilasyon morbidite ve mortaliteyi arttırmaktadır. Mekanik ventilasyondan ayrılma (weaning) bu nedenle çok önemlidirÇalışmamızın hipotezi; weaning döneminde mandatory rate ventilation (MRV)’nin, pressure support ventilation (PSV)’ye göre, metabolik parametreler üzerinde daha olumlu etkisi olacağıdır. Bu amaçla metabolik parametrelerden oksijen tüketimi (VO2), karbondioksit üretimi (VCO2) ve enerji tüketimi (EE) ölçülerek karşılaştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda 18 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar kontrole modda iken indirekt kalorimetri cihazı ile bazal metabolik ölçüm yapıldı. Sonra hastalar randomize olarak PSV veya MRV modlarından birine ayrıldı. Hastalar toplam 60 dakika süresince izlendi. Solunum sayısı (SS), solunum mekanikleri, VO2, VCO2 ve EE değerlerkaydedildi. Bulgular: Tüm metabolik parametreler her iki grupta bazal ölçümden sonra anlamlı artış gösterdi, fakat % değişim açısından gruplar arasında farklılık gözlenmedi. İstatistiksel anlamlılık olmamakla birlikte, 30. dakikadan sonra metabolik parametrelerin PSV grubunda yükselmeye devam ederken MRV grubunda stabil olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç: İstatistiksel anlamlılık olmamakla birlikte klinik olarak MRV’nin weaning uygulanan hastalarda PSV’ye göre metabolik açıdan daha stabil koşullar sağladığı kanaatine varıldı