Transporte espermático e resposta inflamatória uterina na égua após inseminação com diferentes concentrações de espermatozóides

Normalmente, após a cobertura ou a inseminação artificial de éguas, ocorre uma endometrite aguda transitória em resposta ao sêmen e bactérias no útero. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o transporte espermático e a intensidade da reação inflamatória uterina, 2h, 4h ou 24h após a inseminação com sêmen resfriado, são influenciados pela concentração espermática na dose inseminante. Para tal, foram utilizadas 192 éguas em cio, com folículo dominante =35 mm, sem crescimento bacteriano e livres de PMNs aos exames uterinos complementares. As éguas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em grupos e inseminadas com 20 ml contendo 100x10 6 (n=30), 500x106 (n=27) ou 1000x106 (n=31) espermatozóides diluídos em solução de 3 ml de plasma seminal e 17 ml de leite desnatado, refrigerado e armazenado por 18 a 22 horas, ou infundidas com 20 ml de plasma seminal (n=33), ou com 20 ml de leite desnatado (n=38). As éguas foram abatidas duas, quatro ou 24h após as inseminações ou infusões. O grupo controle (n=33) não recebeu nenhum tratamento. Os ovidutos foram separados do útero, sendo útero e ovidutos lavados separadamente com PBS. Uma amostra do lavado de cada oviduto foi examinada para contagem de espermatozóides e uma amostra de cada lavado uterino foi utilizada para contagem de leucócitos. Após as lavagens, foi retirada uma amostra de endométrio para exame histopatológico. As éguas inseminadas e infundidas apresentaram reação inflamatória significativamente maior que as éguas do grupo controle, no decorrer das 24 horas. A reação inflamatória foi significativamente maior nas éguas inseminadas que nas infundidas. A reação inflamatória apresentou correlação com a concentração espermática (r=0,389). O número de éguas apresentando espermatozóides nos ovidutos não foi diferente nos grupos inseminados. Concluiu-se que componentes da dose inseminante provocam uma resposta inflamatória, sendo esta tanto mais severa e de resolução mais rápida, quanto maior for a concentração espermática. Por outro lado, até as quatro horas pós-inseminação, o transporte espermático independe da concentração espermática utilizad

MicroRNA Profile, Putative Diagnostic Biomarkers and RNA-Based Therapies in the Inherited Lipid Storage Disease Niemann-Pick Type C

Lipids are essential for cellular function and are tightly controlled at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Dysregulation of these pathways is associated with vascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and several inherited metabolic disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), in particular, are a family of post-transcriptional gene repressors associated with the regulation of many genes that encode proteins involved in multiple lipid metabolism pathways, thereby influencing their homeostasis. Thus, this class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of lipid-related metabolic alterations. Most of these miRNAs act at an intracellular level, but in the past few years, a role for miRNAs as intercellular signaling molecules has also been uncovered since they can be transported in bodily fluids and used as potential biomarkers of lipid metabolic alterations. In this review, we point out the current knowledge on the miRNA signature in a lysosomal storage disorder associated with lipid dysfunction, Niemann-Pick type C, and discuss the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for RNA-based therapies.This research was funded by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia), grant number EXPL/BTM-TEC/1477/2021; UIDB/00211/2020—Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal/Center for the Study of Animal Science; LA/P/0059/2020—Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária/Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of a Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Gene Panel for Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Molecular genetic testing has not been used extensively as the primary diagnostic test for LSDs but this may change with the advent of rapid, reliable and affordable high-throughput DNA sequencing, the so called next generation sequencing. The aim of this work was to develop a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based workflow for the identification of variations in exons and their intronic flanking regions in genes involved in lysosomal function.This work was partially supported by N2020 (NORTE2020/DESVENDAR/DGH/jn2016). MFC is a grantee from the FCT (SFRH/BPD/101965/2014).N/

Development of a Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Gene Panel for Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Molecular genetic testing has not been used extensively as the primary diagnostic test for LSDs but this may change with the advent of rapid, reliable and affordable high-throughput DNA sequencing, the so called next generation sequencing. The aim of this work was to develop a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based workflow for the identification of variations in exons and their intronic flanking regions in genes involved in lysosomal function.This work was partially supported by N2020 (NORTE2020/DESVENDAR/DGH/jn2016). MFC is a grantee from the FCT (SFRH/BPD/101965/2014).N/

Challenges in the Definitive Diagnosis of Niemann–Pick Type C—Leaky Variants and Alternative Transcripts

(This article belongs to the Section Genetic Diagnosis)Niemann-Pick type C (NPC, ORPHA: 646) is a neuro-visceral, psychiatric disease caused predominantly by pathogenic variants in the NPC1 gene or seldom in NPC2. The rarity of the disease, and its wide range of clinical phenotypes and ages of onset, turn the diagnosis into a significant challenge. Other than the detailed clinical history, the typical diagnostic work-up for NPC includes the quantification of pathognomonic metabolites. However, the molecular basis diagnosis is still of utmost importance to fully characterize the disorder. Here, the authors provide an overview of splicing variants in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes and propose a new workflow for NPC diagnosis. Splicing variants cover a significant part of the disease-causing variants in NPC. The authors used cDNA analysis to study the impact of such variants, including the collection of data to classify them as leaky or non-leaky pathogenic variants. However, the presence of naturally occurring spliced transcripts can misdiagnose or mask a pathogenic variant and make the analysis even more difficult. Analysis of the NPC1 cDNA in NPC patients in parallel with controls is vital to assess and detect alternatively spliced forms. Moreover, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) analysis plays an essential role in evaluating the naturally occurring transcripts during cDNA analysis and distinguishing them from other pathogenic variants' associated transcripts.This research was funded by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the project EXPL/BTM-TEC/1477/2021. This work was also financially supported with funding from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/00211/2020) through national funds.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Challenges in the Definitive Diagnosis of Niemann–Pick Type C—Leaky Variants and Alternative Transcripts

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC, ORPHA: 646) is a neuro-visceral, psychiatric disease caused predominantly by pathogenic variants in the NPC1 gene or seldom in NPC2. The rarity of the disease, and its wide range of clinical phenotypes and ages of onset, turn the diagnosis into a significant challenge. Other than the detailed clinical history, the typical diagnostic work-up for NPC includes the quantification of pathognomonic metabolites. However, the molecular basis diagnosis is still of utmost importance to fully characterize the disorder. Here, the authors provide an overview of splicing variants in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes and propose a new workflow for NPC diagnosis. Splicing variants cover a significant part of the disease-causing variants in NPC. The authors used cDNA analysis to study the impact of such variants, including the collection of data to classify them as leaky or non-leaky pathogenic variants. However, the presence of naturally occurring spliced transcripts can misdiagnose or mask a pathogenic variant and make the analysis even more difficult. Analysis of the NPC1 cDNA in NPC patients in parallel with controls is vital to assess and detect alternatively spliced forms. Moreover, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) analysis plays an essential role in evaluating the naturally occurring transcripts during cDNA analysis and distinguishing them from other pathogenic variants' associated transcripts.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Solving a case of allelic dropout in the GNPTAB gene: implications in the molecular diagnosis of mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta

While being well known that the diagnosis of many genetic disorders relies on a combination of clinical suspicion and confirmatory genetic testing, not rarely, however, genetic testing needs much perseverance and cunning strategies to identify the causative mutation(s). Here we present a case of a thorny molecular diagnosis of mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta, which is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, caused by a defect in the GNPTAB gene that codes for the α/β-subunits of the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase. We used both cDNA and gDNA analyses to characterize a mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta patient whose clinical diagnosis was already confirmed biochemically. In a first stage only one causal mutation was identified in heterozygosity, the already described missense mutation c.1196C>T(p.S399F), both at cDNA and gDNA levels. Only after conducting inhibition of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) assays and after the utilization of another pair of primers the second mutation, the c.3503_3504delTC deletion, was identified. Our findings illustrate that allelic dropout due to the presence of polymorphisms and/or of mutations that trigger the NMD pathway can cause difficulties in current molecular diagnosis tests.M.F. Coutinho is grantee from the FCT (SFRH/BPD/101965/2014).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The use of artificial intelligence and automatic remote monitoring for mosquito surveillance

Mosquito surveillance consists in the routine monitoring of mosquito populations: to determine the presence/absence of certain mosquito species; to identify changes in the abundance and/or composition of mosquito populations; to detect the presence of invasive species; to screen for mosquito-borne pathogens; and, finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures. This kind of surveillance is typically performed by means of traps, which are regularly collected and manually inspected by expert entomologists for the taxonomical identification of the samples. The main problems with traditional surveillance systems are the cost in terms of time and human resources and the lag that is created between the time the trap is placed and collected. This lag can be crucial for the accurate time monitoring of mosquito population dynamics in the field, which is determinant for the precise design and implementation of risk assessment programs. New perspectives in this field include the use of smart traps and remote monitoring systems, which generate data completely interoperable and thus available for the automatic running of prediction models; the performance of risk assessments; the issuing of warnings; and the undertaking of historical analyses of infested areas. In this way, entomological surveillance could be done automatically with unprecedented accuracy and responsiveness, overcoming the problem of manual inspection labour costs. As a result, disease vector species could be detected earlier and with greater precision, enabling an improved control of outbreaks and a greater protection from diseases, thereby saving lives and millions of Euros in health costs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Transporte espermático na égua após a inseminação com diferentes concentrações de Sêmen

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Adaptation to different salinities exposes functional specialization in the intestine of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)

The processing of intestinal fluid, in addition to a high drinking rate, is essential for osmoregulation in marine fish. This study analyzed the long-term response of the sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) to relevant changes of external salinity (12, 35 and 55p.p.t.), focusing on the anterior intestine and in the less-often studied rectum. Intestinal water absorption, epithelial HCO3– secretion and gene expression of the main molecular mechanisms (SLC26a6, SLC26a3, SLC4a4, atp6v1b, CFTR, NKCC1 and NKCC2) involved in Cl– and HCO3– movements were examined. The anion transporters SLC26a6 and SLC26a3 are expressed severalfold higher in the anterior intestine, while the expression of Atp6v1b (V-type H+-ATPase β-subunit) is severalfold higher in the rectum. Prolonged exposure to altered external salinity was without effect on water absorption but was associated with concomitant changes in intestinal fluid content, epithelial HCO3– secretion and salinity-dependent expression of SLC26a6, SLC26a3 and SLC4a4 in the anterior intestine. However, the most striking response to external salinity was obtained in the rectum, where a 4- to 5-fold increase in water absorption was paralleled by a 2- to 3-fold increase in HCO3– secretion in response to a salinity of 55p.p.t. In addition, the rectum of high salinity-acclimated fish shows a sustained (and enhanced) secretory current (Isc), identified in vitro in Ussing chambers and confirmed by the higher expression of CFTR and NKCC1 and by immunohistochemical protein localization. Taken together, the present results suggest a functional anterior–posterior specialization with regard to intestinal fluid processing and subsequently to salinity adaptation of the sea bream. The rectum becomes more active at higher salinities and functions as the final controller of intestinal function in osmoregulation