Etude des effets des radionucléides (uranium et césium 137) sur le métabolisme de la vitamine D chez le rat

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of depleted (DU) or enriched uranium (EU) and of cesium 137 (137Cs) on vitamin D3 biosynthetic pathway in liver, kidney and brain in rat. A chronic exposure with environmental doses of 137Cs and uranium could decrease the vitamin D active form level (1,25(OH)2D3) and lead to molecular modifications of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) enzymes involved in this metabolism and associated nuclear receptors. We demonstrated that both UA and UE contamination affected VDR (vitamin D receptor) and RXRα (retinoid X receptor alpha) expression, and consequently could modulate the expression of vitamin D target genes involved in calcium homeostasis in kidney (ecac1, Epithelials Ca2+ channel 1 et cabp-d28k, Calbindin-D28K). These results suggest that these effects could be due to the chemical toxicity of uranium. On the contrary, the main molecular targets of 137Cs are CYPs involved in Vitamin D3 biosynthesis (CYP2R1, CYP27B1) in liver and brain.Les objectifs de ce travail étaient d'évaluer les effets de l'uranium appauvri (UA) ou enrichi (UE) et du césium 137 (137Cs) sur le métabolisme de la vitamine D au niveau du foie, du rein et du système nerveux central chez le rat. Une exposition chronique à de faibles doses d'UA ou de 137Cs diminue le taux de vitamines D active (1,25(OH)2D3) et entraîne des modifications moléculaires des enzymes de types cytochromes P450 (CYPs) impliqués dans ce métabolisme et des récepteurs nucléaires associés. Nous avons démontré qu'une contamination à l'UA et à l'UE affectent de la même manière l'expression de VDR (vitamin D receptor) et de RXRalpha (retinoic X receptor alpha) et par conséquent peuvent moduler l'expression des gènes cibles de la vitamine D impliqués dans le transport du calcium au niveau rénal (ecac 1, Epithelials Ca2+ channel 1 et cabp-d28k, Calbindin-D28K). Ces résultats suggèrent que ces effets sont dus à la toxicité chimique de l'uranium. A l'inverse, les principales cibles moléculaires du 137Cs sont les CYPs qui sont impliquées dans la biosynthèse de la vitamine D (CYP2R1, CYP27B1) au niveau du foie et du système nerveu

Etude des effets des radionucléides (uranium et cesium 137) sur le métabolisme de la vitamine D chez le rat

CLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Breast milk immune complexes are potent inducers of oral tolerance in neonates and prevent asthma development.

International audienceAllergic asthma is a chronic lung disease resulting from an inappropriate T helper (Th)-2 response to environmental antigens. Early tolerance induction is an attractive approach for primary prevention of asthma. Here, we found that breastfeeding by antigen-sensitized mothers exposed to antigen aerosols during lactation induced a robust and long-lasting antigen-specific protection from asthma. Protection was more profound and persistent than the one induced by antigen-exposed non-sensitized mothers. Milk from antigen-exposed sensitized mothers contained antigen-immunoglobulin (Ig) G immune complexes that were transferred to the newborn through the neonatal Fc receptor resulting in the induction of antigen-specific FoxP3(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells. The induction of oral tolerance by milk immune complexes did not require the presence of transforming growth factor-beta in milk in contrast to tolerance induced by milk-borne free antigen. Furthermore, neither the presence of IgA in milk nor the expression of the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb in the newborn was required for tolerance induction. This study provides new insights on the mechanisms of tolerance induction in neonates and highlights that IgG immune complexes found in breast milk are potent inducers of oral tolerance. These observations may pave the way for the identification of key factors for primary prevention of immune-mediated diseases such as asthma

Secretory IgA Induces Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells through SIGNR1 Dampening Autoimmunity in Mice.

IgA plays ambivalent roles in the immune system. The balance between inhibitory and activating responses relies on the multimerization status of IgA and interaction with their cognate receptors. In mucosal sites, secretory IgA (SIgA) protects the host through immune-exclusion mechanisms, but its function in the bloodstream remains unknown. Using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, we found that both human and mouse SIgA induce tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) following binding to specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin receptor 1. This interaction was dependent on Ca(2+) and mannose residues. SIgA-primed DCs (SIgA-DCs) are resistant to TLR-dependent maturation. Although SIgA-DCs fail to induce efficient proliferation and Th1 differentiation of naive responder T cells, they generate the expansion of regulatory T cells through IL-10 production. SIgA-DCs are highly potent in inhibiting autoimmune responses in mouse models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. This discovery may offer new insights about mucosal-derived DC immunoregulation through SIgA opening new therapeutic approaches to autoimmune diseases

The IgA1 immune complex-mediated activation of the MAPK/ERK kinase pathway in mesangial cells is associated with glomerular damage in IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, has significant morbidity and mortality as 20-40% of patients progress to end-stage renal disease within 20 years of onset. In order to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of IgAN, we systematically evaluated renal biopsies from such patients. This showed that the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway was activated in the mesangium of patients presenting with over 1 g/day proteinuria and elevated blood pressure, but absent in biopsy specimens of patients with IgAN and modest proteinuria (<1 g/day). ERK activation was not associated with elevated galactose-deficient IgA1 or IgG specific for galactose-deficient IgA1 in the serum. In human mesangial cells in vitro, ERK activation through mesangial IgA1 receptor (CD71) controlled pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and was induced by large-molecular-mass IgA1-containing circulating immune complexes purified from patient sera. Moreover, IgA1-dependent ERK activation required renin-angiotensin system as its blockade was efficient in reducing proteinuria in those patients exhibiting substantial mesangial activation of ERK. Thus, ERK activation alters mesangial cell-podocyte crosstalk, leading to renal dysfunction in IgAN. Assessment of MAPK/ERK activation in diagnostic renal biopsies may predict the therapeutic efficacy of renin-angiotensin system blockers in IgAN. Kidney International (2012) 82, 1284-1296; doi:10.1038/ki.2012.192; published online 5 September 2012Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR JCJC)Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR JCJC)Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM)Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale (FRM) [ING20080914226]ARC [SFI20111204013]ARCAAP du Programme National de Recherche en Nephrologie Urologie (PNR)AAP du Programme National de Recherche en Nephrologie Urologie (PNR)FAPESP-INSERMFAPESPINSERMCNPqINSERMCNPq-INSERMUSP/COFECUBUSP/COFECUBSocietede NephrologieSocietede NephrologieNIHNIH [DK061525, DK078244, DK082753, DK083663, DK075868, GM098539]Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth and Sport, Czech Republic [MSM 6198959205, MSM 6198959216

Transglutaminase is essential for IgA nephropathy development acting through IgA receptors.

International audienceIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common cause of renal failure worldwide. Treatment is limited because of a complex pathogenesis, including unknown factors favoring IgA1 deposition in the glomerular mesangium. IgA receptor abnormalities are implicated, including circulating IgA-soluble CD89 (sCD89) complexes and overexpression of the mesangial IgA1 receptor, TfR1 (transferrin receptor 1). Herein, we show that although mice expressing both human IgA1 and CD89 displayed circulating and mesangial deposits of IgA1-sCD89 complexes resulting in kidney inflammation, hematuria, and proteinuria, mice expressing IgA1 only displayed endocapillary IgA1 deposition but neither mesangial injury nor kidney dysfunction. sCD89 injection into IgA1-expressing mouse recipients induced mesangial IgA1 deposits. sCD89 was also detected in patient and mouse mesangium. IgA1 deposition involved a direct binding of sCD89 to mesangial TfR1 resulting in TfR1 up-regulation. sCD89-TfR1 interaction induced mesangial surface expression of TGase2 (transglutaminase 2), which in turn up-regulated TfR1 expression. In the absence of TGase2, IgA1-sCD89 deposits were dramatically impaired. These data reveal a cooperation between IgA1, sCD89, TfR1, and TGase2 on mesangial cells needed for disease development. They demonstrate that TGase2 is responsible for a pathogenic amplification loop facilitating IgA1-sCD89 deposition and mesangial cell activation, thus identifying TGase2 as a target for therapeutic intervention in this disease