Binary phase detector gain in bang-bang phase-locked loops with DCO jitter

Bang-bang phase-locked loops (BBPLLs) are hard nonlinear systems due to the nonlinearity introduced by the binary phase detector (BPD). In the presence of jitter, the nonlinear loop is typically analyzed by linearizing the BPD and applying linear transfer functions in the analysis. In contrast to a linear PD, the linearized gain of a BPD depends on the rms jitter and the type of jitter (either non-accumulative or accumulative). Previous works considered the case of nonaccumulative reference clock jitter and showed that the BPD gain is inversely proportional to the rms jitter when the latter is small or large. In this brief we consider the case of accumulative DCO jitter and derive an asymptotic closed-form expression for the BPD gain which becomes exact in the limit of small and large jitter. Contrary to the reference clock jitter case, the BPD gain is constant for small DCO jitter and is inversely proportional to the square of jitter for large DCO jitter; in the latter case, the timing jitter has a normal-Laplace distribution.Science Foundation Irelandti, ke, ab, li - TS 10.04.1

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran IPA Terpadu Interaktif Dalam Bentuk Moodle Untuk Siswa SMP Pada Tema Matahari Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran yang berbasis e-learning dengan program Moodle untuk siswa SMP pada tema Matahari sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif yang memenuhi kriteria baik dan mengetahui karakteristik media pembelajaran yang berbasis e-learning dengan program Moodle untuk siswa SMP pada tema Matahari sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif yang dikembangkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif didukung data kuantitatif. Adapun model penelitian ini merupakan pengembangan prosedural dengan metode Borg dan Gall. Data yang diperoleh berasal dari 2 dosen ahli materi, 2 dosen ahli media, 3 mahasiswa sebagai peer reviewer, 3 guru IPA SMP sebagai reviewer, dan siswa sebagai responden. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji coba lapangan awal terhadap 9 siswa SMP dan uji coba lapangan utama terhadap 30 siswa SMP yang berasal dari SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta, SMP Negeri 5 Surakarta, dan SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah dari angket dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data kualitatif yang digunakan yakni model interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman. Adapun kuantisasi data dilakukan dengan menjumlah skor setiap aspek. Selanjutnya skor setiap aspek dikategorikan ke dalam lima kriteria dengan rumusan yang digunakan oleh Saifuddin Azwar. Tahap-tahap dalam penelitian ini yakni: (1) penelitian pendahuluan dan pengumpulan informasi; (2) perencanaan; (3) pembuatan draf produk yang meliputi penyusunan materi, menyewa domain dan hosting, instalasi Moodle, pengaturan tampilan, pengaturan pengguna, dan pengaturan materi pembelajaran; (4) validasi produk; (5) revisi; (6) uji coba lapangan awal dan revisi; serta (7) uji coba lapangan utama dan revisi. Simpulan dari penelitian pengembangan ini sebagai berikut : (1) media pembelajaran berbasis e-learning menggunakan program Moodle yang dikembangkan memenuhi kriteria baik dengan kesesuaian hasil dari ahli, peer reviewer, reviewer dan siswa dalam aspek kelayakan materi, pembelajaran, tampilan, dan pemrograman; (2) Produk akhir dalam penelitian ini adalah berupa portal e-learning yang beralamat web e-learningipaterpaduuns.com dengan karakteristik : (1)Tampilan halaman muka (Front Page) yang berisi gambar kategori mewakili tema yaitu Matahari sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif; (2) Tampilan halaman pendahuluan kategori dan pilihan course; (3) Tampilan halaman course yang terdiri dari 4 course, dimana satu course diisi dengan peta kompetensi dan peta konsep, serta 3 course lainnya berisi beberapa komponen yaitu tujuan pembelajaran, ayo belajar bersama, materi pembelajaran, aktivitas sains, info sains, tokoh sains, rangkuman, ayo bertanya, uji pemahaman, tugas individu, serta glosarium yang di dalamnya memanfaatkan menu resource dan activity. Secara umum pengembangan media pembelajaran yang berbasis e-learning dengan program Moodle untuk siswa SMP pada tema Matahari sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif

Studi Harga Satuan Upah Untuk Proyek Bangunan Tinggi

Pekerja adalah salah satu faktor penting dalam suatu proyek konstruksi khususnya pada bangunan tinggi, sehingga kesejahteraan pekerja konstruksi menjadi suatu hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk keberhasilan proyek tersebut. Upah dalam bangunan tinggi dapat dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu upah yang diberikan kontraktor kepada pekerja, dan upah dalam Rencana Anggaran Biaya yang ditawarkan kontraktor kepada pemilik bangunan tinggi. Upah pekerja yang terdapat pada Rencana Anggaran Biaya berasal dari pembentukan analisa harga satuan upah terlebih dahulu. Sedangkan perhitungan upah yang diberikan kontraktor kepada pekerja dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi 2, yaitu upah borongan kepada mandor dan upah harian kepada para tukang. Dengan data upah borongan, upah harian, Rencana Anggaran Biaya dan analisa harga satuan maka dapat menganalisa korelasi dari ketiga sistem perhitungan upah dalam suatu proyek bangunan tinggi. Fokus penelitian ini adalah perkerjaan struktur atas beton bertulang dan pekerjaan dinding. Berdasarkan perbandingan data harga satuan upah yang diperoleh dari proyek Tower Venetian didapatkan harga satuan upah seluruh pekerjaan pada Rencana Anggaran Biaya lebih besar dibandingkan harga satuan upah pada borongan mandor. Seluruh pekerjaan meliputi pekerjaan pengecoran, pembesian, pasangan bata ringan, plesteran dan acian. Sedangkan untuk proyek Gedung baru P1 dan P2 Universitas Kristen Petra, hampir seluruh harga satuan upah pekerjaan pada borongan mandor memiliki nominal yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan harga satuan upahpekerjaan pada Rencana Anggaran Biaya. Pekerjaan ini meliputi pekerjaan pengecoran, pembesian, wire mesh dan pasangan bata ringan. Untuk harga satuan upah pada Standar Nasional Indonesia 2008 memiliki nominal yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada harga satuan upah pada Rencana Anggaran Biaya dan borongan mandor pada kedua proyek

Simultaneous identification of the right-hand side and time-dependent coefficients in a two-dimensional parabolic equation

This paper investigates the simultaneous identification of time-dependent lowest and source terms in a two-dimensional (2D) parabolic equation from the additional measurements. To investigate the solvability of the inverse problem, we first examine an auxiliary inverse boundary value problem and prove its equivalence to the original problem in a certain sense. Then, applying the contraction mappings principle existence and uniqueness of the solution of an equivalent problem is proved. Furthermore, using the equivalency, the existence and uniqueness theorem for the classical solution of the original problem is obtained and some discussions on the numerical solutions for this inverse problem are presented including numerical examples

Diminishing Availability of Publicly Funded Slots for Antiretroviral Initiation among HIV-Infected ART-Eligible Patients in Uganda

Background: The impact of flat-line funding in the global scale up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected patients in Africa has not yet been well described. Methods: We evaluated ART-eligible patients and patients starting ART at a prototypical scale up ART clinic in Mbarara, Uganda between April 1, 2009 and May 14, 2010 where four stakeholders sponsor treatment – two PEPFAR implementing organizations, the Ugandan Ministry of Health – Global Fund (MOH-GF) and a private foundation named the Family Treatment Fund (FTF). We assessed temporal trends in the number of eligible patients, the number starting ART and tabulated the distribution of the stakeholders supporting ART initiation by month and quartile of time during this interval. We used survival analyses to assess changes in the rate of ART initiation over calendar time. Findings: A total of 1309 patients who were eligible for ART made visits over the 14 month period of the study and of these 819 started ART. The median number of ART eligible patients each month was 88 (IQR: 74 to 115). By quartile of calendar time, PEPFAR and MOH sponsored 290, 192, 180, and 49 ART initiations whereas the FTF started 1, 2, 1 and 104 patients respectively. By May of 2010 (the last calendar month of observation) FTF sponsored 88% of all ART initiations. Becoming eligible for ART in the 3rd (HR = 0.58, 95% 0.45–0.74) and 4th quartiles (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.36–0.65) was associated with delay in ART initiation compared to the first quartile in multivariable analyses. Interpretation: During a period of flat line funding from multinational donors for ART programs, reductions in the number of ART initiations by public programs (i.e., PEPFAR and MOH-GF) and delays in ART initiation became apparent at the a large prototypical scale-up ART clinic in Uganda

Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with placental malaria in a prospective cohort of Papua New Guinean women

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy results in substantial poor health outcomes for both mother and child, particularly in young, primigravid mothers who are at greatest risk of placental malaria (PM) infection. Complications of PM include maternal anaemia, low birth weight and preterm delivery, which contribute to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG). METHODS: Placental biopsies were examined from 1451 pregnant women who were enrolled in a malaria prevention study at 14-26 weeks gestation. Clinical and demographic information were collected at first antenatal clinic visits and women were followed until delivery. Placental biopsies were collected and examined for PM using histology. The presence of infected erythrocytes and/or the malaria pigment in monocytes or fibrin was used to determine the type of placental infection. RESULTS: Of 1451 placentas examined, PM infection was detected in 269 (18.5%), of which 54 (3.7%) were acute, 55 (3.8%) chronic, and 160 (11.0%) were past infections. Risk factors for PM included residing in rural areas (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.65, 95% CI 1.76-7.51; p </= 0.001), being primigravid (AOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.26-4.77; p = 0.008) and having symptomatic malaria during pregnancy (AOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.16-3.62; p = 0.013). After adjustment for covariates, compared to uninfected women, acute infections (AOR 1.97, 95% CI 0.98-3.95; p = 0.056) were associated with low birth weight babies, whereas chronic infections were associated with preterm delivery (AOR 3.92, 95% CI 1.64-9.38; p = 0.002) and anaemia (AOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.02-4.84; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Among pregnant PNG women receiving at least one dose of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy and using insecticide-treated bed nets, active PM infections were associated with adverse outcomes. Improved malaria prevention is required to optimize pregnancy outcomes

EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF MONENSIN OVERDOSE IN DAIRY CATTLE

Monensin is approved as a feed additive by the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine to increase milk production efficiency in lactating dairy cattle. To assess the effects of a gross error in mixing monensin into cattle feed, a 10-fold overdose was given for three consecutive days to naïve cows as well as cows previously dosed with monensin within the label range. Cows were evaluated during the overdose and for a subsequent 4 week observation period. Physiological variables were analyzed, including dry matter intake, body weight, body condition score, and serum chemistry profile. Production variables were analyzed, including milk yield and milk composition. Cows were blocked according to pre-treatment milk output, days in milk, and body condition. Results were analyzed using linear mixed model methodology with a baseline covariate. The study provided information for the veterinarian and the dairy farmer for determining whether an overdose may have occurred, for assessing the prognosis, and for deciding whether to continue feeding monensin immediately following an overdose

Functional profiling of single CRISPR/Cas9-edited human long-term hematopoietic stem cells.

In the human hematopoietic system, rare self-renewing multipotent long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) are responsible for the lifelong production of mature blood cells and are the rational target for clinical regenerative therapies. However, the heterogeneity in the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and variable outcomes of CRISPR/Cas9 editing make functional interrogation of rare LT-HSCs challenging. Here, we report high efficiency LT-HSC editing at single-cell resolution using electroporation of modified synthetic gRNAs and Cas9 protein. Targeted short isoform expression of the GATA1 transcription factor elicit distinct differentiation and proliferation effects in single highly purified LT-HSC when analyzed with functional in vitro differentiation and long-term repopulation xenotransplantation assays. Our method represents a blueprint for systematic genetic analysis of complex tissue hierarchies at single-cell resolution