Major cellular and molecular processes and clinical outcomes in bone regeneration for successful dental implantation: a systematic review

Introduction: In the context of bone regeneration, bone defects still represent a major challenge in oral and maxillofacial clinical and surgical treatment. The biomimetic design of biomaterials by simulating the natural structure and composition of bone tissue has gradually become a point of research interest due to its advantages of simplicity and efficiency. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review on cellular and molecular processes, as well as to present the main clinical approaches of bone regeneration for dental implants. Methods: The present study followed a systematic review model, following the rules of systematic review – PRISMA. The search strategy was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: A total of 142 articles were found. A total of 84 articles were fully evaluated and 33 were included in this study. Literary findings have shown that the lack of bone in the alveolar ridges has been a major problem in functional aesthetic recovery in patients who have suffered dentoalveolar trauma. The osteoinduction process is influenced by several factors, requiring the presence of inducers, which include β-glycerolphosphate, ascorbic acid, and dexamethasone. Mesenchymal stem cells acquire the morphology and components of osteoblastic membranes and begin to express alkaline phosphatase to deposit extracellular matrix rich in calcium and certain proteins, such as osteopontin and osteocalcin. The Bio Oss® (Geistlich) biomaterial, because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and has low immunogenicity and bio stimulators, can act in the regeneration of bone tissue. Application of FRP and implant placement provides stable clinical results for severely atrophic maxilla 2-4 mm. Bovine xenograft alone and in combination with liquid FRP are both successful in achieving bone augmentation around implants and produce a small change in marginal bone level and a high implant survival rate after loading. Conclusion: Through the results of the present study, it was evidenced that the success of the dental implant is directly related to successful osseointegration

Desafios das políticas públicas dos municípios brasileiros em relação à destinação dos resíduos sólidos frente ao objetivo de desenvolvimento sustentável número 6

Objective: Examine the efforts made by the Brazilian government at the municipal, state, and federal levels, in the disposal of solid waste as a form of sustainable public policy, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN Agenda 2030, considering that Brazil is one of the signatory countries. Method: The research is of applied nature, with a qualitative approach and exploratory objective. Data collection is documental and bibliographic.  Main results: The study identified that, at the current pace, Brazil will have difficulty in reaching the goal set by the UN in Agenda 2030 regarding the policies for disposal of solid urban waste in the Brazilian territory. Relevance/originality: The study was motivated by a research gap regarding the disposal of urban solid waste in the face of the challenges established by the UN's Agenda 2030, considering the numbers released by the federal government agencies referring to the years 2019 and 2020 in comparison with the report of the Association of Urban Cleaning Services Providers (ABRELPE). Theoretical/methodological contributions: Some discrepancies were identified between the three main documents studied: i) report of the National Solid Waste Management Information System (SINIR); ii) diagnosis of urban solid waste management of the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS), and; iii) report of the Association of Companies Providing Urban Cleaning Services (ABRELPE). Social contributions / management: The study shows that the degree of involvement of the federal, state and municipal governments in encouraging sustainable alternatives for the disposal of urban solid waste is still low. New public policies are needed to present innovative and sustainable alternatives in Brazilian cities.Se notó un vacío en la investigación sobre los números divulgados por las dependencias del gobierno federal para los años 2019 y 2020 en comparación con los números divulgados por el informe de la Asociación de Empresas Prestadoras de Servicios de Limpieza Urbana (ABRELPE) como destino de los residuos sólidos urbanos ante los desafíos establecidos por la Agenda 2030 de la ONU. Además, el estudio fue motivado por la necesidad de observar el grado de participación de los gobiernos federal, estatal y municipal en el fomento de alternativas sostenibles para la eliminación de residuos sólidos urbanos, alternativas innovadoras y sostenibles existentes políticas públicas en las ciudades brasileñas. Por lo tanto, la investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los esfuerzos implementados por el gobierno brasileño en sus niveles municipal, estatal y federal, en la eliminación de residuos sólidos como una forma de políticas públicas sostenibles, cumpliendo así con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030 de la ONU, siendo Brasil uno de los países signatarios. La investigación se considera aplicada por su naturaleza, con enfoque cualitativo y objetivo exploratorio. Los datos se recogieron de artículos, disertaciones, informes, libros y fuentes gubernamentales y de ABRELPE. La información contenida en el informe del Sistema Nacional de Información sobre la Gestión de Residuos Sólidos (SINIR) y el diagnóstico de la gestión de residuos sólidos urbanos del Sistema Nacional de Información de Saneamiento (SNIS) demuestran la dificultad de Brasil para alcanzar la meta establecida por la ONU en la Agenda 2030 como las políticas para el destino de los residuos sólidos urbanos en el territorio brasileño.Objetivo: Examinar os esforços realizados pelo governo brasileiro nos níveis municipal, estadual e federal, na destinação dos resíduos sólidos como forma de políticas públicas sustentáveis, contribuindo com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Agenda 2030 da ONU, considerando que o Brasil é um dos países signatários.  Método: A pesquisa é de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa e objetivo exploratório. A coleta de dados é documental e bibliográfica.  Principais resultados: O estudo identificou que, no ritmo atual, o Brasil terá dificuldade para atingir a meta estabelecida pela ONU na Agenda 2030 quanto às políticas de destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no território brasileiro. Relevância/originalidade: O estudo foi motivado por uma lacuna de pesquisa no que tange à destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos diante dos desafios estabelecidos pela Agenda 2030 da ONU, considerando os números divulgados pelos órgãos do governo federal referentes aos anos 2019 e 2020 em comparação com o relatório da Associação das Empresas Prestadoras de Serviços de Limpeza Urbana (ABRELPE). Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Foram identificadas algumas discrepâncias entre os três principais documentos estudados: i) relatório do Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre a Gestão dos Resíduos Sólidos (SINIR); ii) diagnóstico do manejo de resíduos sólidos urbanos do Sistema Nacional de Informação Sobre o Saneamento (SNIS), e; iii) relatório da Associação das Empresas Prestadoras de Serviços de Limpeza Urbana (ABRELPE). Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: O estudo evidencia que ainda é baixo o grau de envolvimento dos governos federal, estadual e municipal no incentivo de alternativas sustentáveis para a destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbano. São necessárias novas políticas públicas que apresentem alternativas inovadoras e sustentáveis nas cidades brasileiras

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroconversion rates before the second wave in Manaus, Brazil, and the protective effect of social behaviour measures: results from the prospective DETECTCoV-19 cohort

Background: The city of Manaus, Brazil, has seen two collapses of the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibody seroconversion rates and associated risk factors in Manaus residents before the second wave of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Manaus was recruited through online and university website advertising into the DETECTCoV-19 study cohort. The current analysis of seroconversion included a subgroup of DETECTCoV-19 participants who had at least two serum sample collections separated by at least 4 weeks between Aug 19 and Oct 2, 2020 (visit 1), and Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020 (visit 2). Those who reported (or had no data on) having a COVID-19 diagnosis before visit 1, and who were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at visit 1 were excluded. Using an in-house ELISA, the reactivity index (RI; calculated as the optical density ratio of the sample to the negative control) for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was measured at both visits. We calculated the incidence of seroconversion (defined as RI values ≤1·5 at visit 1 and ≥1·5 at visit 2, and a ratio >2 between the visit 2 and visit 1 RI values) during the study period, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) through cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson regression models to analyse associations between seroconversion and variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health access, comorbidities, COVID-19 exposure, protective behaviours, and symptoms. Findings: 2496 DETECTCoV-19 cohort participants returned for a follow-up visit between Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020, of whom 204 reported having COVID-19 before the first visit and 24 had no data regarding previous disease status. 559 participants were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at baseline. Of the remaining 1709 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 71 did not meet the criteria for seroconversion and were excluded from the analyses. Among the remaining 1638 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 214 showed seroconversion at visit 2. The seroconversion incidence was 13·06% (95% CI 11·52–14·79) overall and 6·78% (5·61–8·10) for symptomatic seroconversion, over a median follow-up period of 57 days (IQR 54–61). 48·1% of seroconversion events were estimated to be asymptomatic. The sample had higher proportions of affluent and higher-educated people than those reported for the Manaus city population. In the fully adjusted and corrected model, risk factors for seroconversion before visit 2 were having a COVID-19 case in the household (IRR 1·49 [95% CI 1·21–1·83]), not wearing a mask during contact with a person with COVID-19 (1·25 [1·09–1·45]), relaxation of physical distancing (1·31 [1·05–1·64]), and having flu-like symptoms (1·79 [1·23–2·59]) or a COVID-19 diagnosis (3·57 [2·27–5·63]) between the first and second visits, whereas working remotely was associated with lower incidence (0·74 [0·56–0·97]). Interpretation: An intense infection transmission period preceded the second wave of COVID-19 in Manaus. Several modifiable behaviours increased the risk of seroconversion, including non-compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions measures such as not wearing a mask during contact, relaxation of protective measures, and non-remote working. Increased testing in high-transmission areas is needed to provide timely information about ongoing transmission and aid appropriate implementation of transmission mitigation measures. Funding: Ministry of Education, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO.World Health OrganizationRevisión por pare

Valorização do patrimônio científico e tecnológico brasileiro: descobrindo conjuntos de objetos de C&T pelo Brasil

Most of Brazil's science and technology (S&T) heritage has yet to be tracked down. The knowledge amassed on the topic is still limited, and there is a real risk that Brazilian science and technology objects may already have been modernized or discarded. A research project was developed in the last four years including several initiatives to preserve this kind of heritage, as such: a national survey to build up a picture of the current state of this heritage; studies concerning heritage protection legislation of some countries, including Brazil; and two case studies of collections of S&T objects (Observatório do Valongo and Colégio Pedro II). This paper presents an overview of the results obtained in the several initiatives of preservation undertaken. The survey is divided into different areas of knowledge and different time frames. As such, we are interested in sets of objects from the exact sciences, the different engineering specialties, as well as geography, geology and oceanography, which were manufactured in or before the 1960s. A registration form was prepared which was adapted from a form used in surveys of collections of this kind in Portugal. Sets of objects have been identified at museums, universities and research institutes. From the results, it could be observed that: the best preserved collections are at the few museums devoted to the area, but the universities hold most of the artifacts and the overwhelming majority of the objects were made in the twentieth century.A maior parte dos bens que constituem o patrimônio cultural da Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T) está para ser descoberta. O conhecimento acumulado sobre o tema ainda é limitado e há um risco real de que os objetos já tenham sido modernizados ou descartados. Nos últimos quatro anos, desenvolveu-se um projeto de pesquisa, envolvendo várias iniciativas para preservar este tipo de patrimônio: um levantamento nacional para construir um panorama do estado atual desse patrimônio; estudos sobre a legislação de proteção ao patrimônio de alguns países, inclusive o Brasil; e dois estudos de caso de coleções de objetos de C&T (Observatório do Valongo e Colégio Pedro II, ambos no Rio de Janeiro). Este artigo apresenta uma visão geral dos resultados obtidos e, em especial, dos levantamentos de conjuntos de objetos de C&T. Utilizou-se um recorte em relação a áreas do conhecimento e período histórico, compreendendo objetos pertencentes à s ciências exatas, à s diferentes especialidades de engenharia, bem como geografia, geologia e oceanografia, e fabricados até 1960. A partir da adaptação de um formulário usado em pesquisas similares em Portugal, elaborou-se uma ficha de registro, que permitiu identificar conjuntos de objetos em museus, universidades e institutos de pesquisa. Pôde-se, com isso, observar que as coleções mais bem preservadas estão nos poucos museus dedicados à área, enquanto as universidades detêm a maior parte dos artefatos, e que a esmagadora maioria dos objetos foi produzida no século XX

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio