Tratamiento del cáncer vesical no músculo-infiltrante con BCG. Implicaciones en la pandemia por SARS CoV 2

[ES]El cáncer de vejiga supone un importante problema de salud pública, se trata del quinto cáncer más frecuente en España y ocupa el noveno lugar a nivel mundial. Dentro de éste, el cáncer vesical no músculo infiltrante es la forma más frecuente de diagnóstico, el tratamiento del mismo se basa en resección transuretral seguida de instilación intravesical de quimioterapia. Aquellos de alto riesgo se siguen de instilación intravesical de BCG, que sirve como potenciador del sistema inmune y se usa como profilaxis de recidiva y progresión tumoral. La pandemia por COVID-19 acontecida en el año 2020 ha generado que toda la investigación se enfoque en ella. Existen hipótesis que defienden que la BCG puede influir en el transcurso de la enfermedad COVID-19, disminuyendo la severidad de la misma y posiblemente reduciendo la tasa de infección por SARS CoV-2. Por todo esto, nos planteamos la hipótesis de que los pacientes que reciben tratamiento con BCG intravesical pudieran presentar algún tipo de protección frente a la infección por SARS CoV-2. Para ello, se analizan datos de 117 pacientes que han recibido BCG intravesical investigando si han sido infectados por SARS CoV-2, después comparamos los resultados con la incidencia de infección por SARS CoV-2 en la población de Bilbao. Obtenemos que no existen diferencias en la incidencia de infección por SARS CoV-2 entre la muestra de pacientes en tratamiento con BCG intravesical y la población de Bilbao. Tampoco existen diferencias en la incidencia de enfermedad moderada o severa por COVID-19 ni en la incidencia de enfermedad entre diferentes fases de tratamiento intravesical con BCG. En conclusión, no podemos demostrar que la BCG intravesical influya en la infección ni en la enfermedad por COVID-19, debemos esperar a los resultados de los ensayos clínicos en marcha con mayor evidencia científica

Performance and Ethics: Levers of Scientific Research Reform in Morocco

This contribution deals with Performance-Based Management related to the reform of Morocco's Education, Training, and Scientific Research system, focusing on the Scientific Research component. In fact, Public finance has become a major instrument of public policy, and a vital means for public authorities to direct and develop economic and social life, so for good public financial governance, the management of public finances must obey ethical rules based on principles of integrity, transparency, accountability and equity. Furthermore, the administrative reform undertaken around the modernization of public management and the search for links between performance and ethics has become a central concern of managers and theorists. The objective is therefore to present a theoretical overview of the concepts of performance and ethics and the relationship between them in the context of public management, then focus on the monitoring of the performance of scientific research and present the main strategic visions of the sector and the integration of ethics by the new model of development

UV/Vis light induced degradation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride mediated by Co-TiO2 nanoparticles

Pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics, constitute an important group of aquatic contaminants given their environmental impact. Specifically, tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are produced in great amounts for the treatment of bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Several studies have shown that, among all antibiotics, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC HCl) is one of the most frequently detected TCs in soil and surface water. The results of the photocatalytic degradation of OTC HCL in aqueous suspensions (30 mg·L−1) of 0.5 wt.% cobalt-doped TiO2 catalysts are reported in this study. The heterogeneous Co-TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by two different solvothermal methods. Evonik Degussa Aevoxide P25 and self-prepared TiO2 modified by the same methods were used for comparison. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and N2 adsorption (BET) for specific surface area determination. The XRD and Raman results suggest that Ti4+ was substituted by Co2+ in the TiO2 crystal structure. Uv/visible spectroscopy of Co-TiO2-R showed a substantial redshift in comparison with bare TiO2-R. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared photocatalysts in OTC HCL degradation was investigated employing Uv/vis spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The observed initial reaction rate over Co-TiO2-R was higher compared with that of Co-TiO2-HT, self-prepared TiO2, and the commercial P25. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the high surface area (153 m2·g−1) along with the impurity levels within the band gap (2.93 eV), promoting the charge separation and improving the charge transfer ability. From these experimental results, it can be concluded that Co-doping under reflux demonstrates better photocatalytic performances than with the hydrothermal treatment

Rôle de l’audit externe dans l’amélioration de la performance organisationnelle du secteur public au Maroc : Approche théorique

This article discusses the role of external audit in improving the organisational performance of the Moroccan public sector, in a context characterised by the transition from means-based management to results-based management, as part of a new approach to public management. In Morocco, the new constitutional reform of 2011 reinforced the major role of external audit in the public sector through the promulgation of legal and regulatory texts aimed at improving the transparency and performance of the Moroccan public sector, namely the organic law relating to the finance law n° 130-13. These were drawn up to guarantee better management of public affairs and to ensure greater effectiveness and efficiency in the decisions taken by managers. This article addresses the relationship between external audit in the public sector and improved organisational performance by adopting a conceptual approach and drawing on a review of the existing literature. It is structured around the different dimensions of these concepts, focusing on agency theory, the new public management approach, and internal control mechanisms for reducing fraud and ensuring transparency in a context characterised by asymmetric information. This article also sheds light on the relationship between external audit and public finance and its contribution to the performance of public management by highlighting the role of the various competent bodies in Morocco, in particular the Inspectorate General of Finance (IGF) and the Court of Auditors. The theoretical contribution of this article provides new perspectives to ensure a better understanding of the role of external audit in improving organisational performance in the Moroccan public sector. Keywords: External audit, organizational performance, public organisms, public finances. JEL Classification: H83 Paper type: Theoretical Research Cet article traite le rôle de l’audit externe dans l’amélioration de la performance organisationnelle du secteur public marocain, dans un contexte caractérisé par le passage d’une gestion axée sur les moyens à une gestion axée sur les résultats, et ce, dans le cadre d’une nouvelle approche de gestion publique. Au Maroc, la nouvelle réforme constitutionnelle de 2011 a renforcé le rôle majeur de l’audit externe dans le secteur public à travers la promulgation des textes juridiques et réglementaires visant l’amélioration de la transparence et de la performance du secteur public marocain à savoir la loi organique relative à la loi de finances n° 130-13. Ces derniers ont été élaborés, pour garantir une meilleure gestion de la chose publique et d’assurer par la suite une meilleure efficacité et efficience des décisions prises par les gestionnaires. Le présent article traite la relation entre l’audit externe dans le secteur public et l’amélioration de la performance organisationnelle en adoptant une approche conceptuelle et en s’appuyant sur une revue de la littérature existante. Il s’articule autour des différentes dimensions de ces concepts en mettant le point sur la théorie de l’agence, l’approche du nouveau management public, ainsi que les dispositifs du contrôle interne pour la réduction de la fraude et l’assurance de la transparence dans un contexte caractérisé par une asymétrie d’information. Cet article met en lumière également la relation de l’audit externe et les finances publiques ainsi que son apport sur la performance de la gestion publique en mettant en exergue le rôle des différents organismes compétents au Maroc, notamment l’Inspection Générale des Finances (IGF) et la Cour des comptes. La contribution théorique de cet article permet de construire de nouvelles perspectives pour assurer une meilleure compréhension du rôle de l’audit externe dans l’amélioration de la performance organisationnelle dans le secteur public marocain.             Mots clés : Audit externe, performance organisationnelle, gestion publique, finances publiques. Classification JEL : H83 Type de papier : recherche théoriqu

Consanguinité, Isonymie et Age Précoce au Mariage dans les deux Provinces de Tétouan et M’diq-fnideq (Maroc)

The purpose of this work is to contribute to the description of marital practices in Northern Morocco, to follow the evolution of these practices, and to determine the motives for marriages between relatives. Thus our results show a highly significant positive correlation between the age of the two spouses (r = 0.619, p <0.001), with the mean age of the mothers being 49.03 ± 6.56 years, while for the fathers it is 56,02 ± 6,16 years with a difference of 7 years between the two spouses in the current generation. For consanguineous marriages, we identified 51 relatives, namely a frequency of 25.4% for the generation of studied couples GCE, 13.3% for the generation of paternal grandparents GGPP, and 17.5% for the generation of maternal grandparents GGPM. The intergenerational comparison reveals a highly significant increase in the percentage of consanguinity, ranging from the generation of grandparents (15.4%) to that of the studied couples (25.4%), with a difference of 10% (p˂0.001). These results also show that there is a strong association between the prevalence of consanguineous marriages and the group of women under 19 years old (p = 0.002), whereas for husbands it is noted that There is no association between marital status and age at marriage. The coefficient of consanguinity estimated by isonymy is almost twice as large as the coefficient of inbreeding estimated by genealogy

The Effectiveness of the Rule of Law in the Moroccan Constitution of 2011.

Le Maroc s’inscrit dans une perspective résolument moderne. Ce constat nous renvoie vers la pertinence de cette thématique dans un pays à forte identité constitutionnelle, porté par une extension remarquable des fondements de ses droits et libertés.La nouvelle Constitution de 2011 est un acte fondateur qui cristallise les aspirations légitimes des citoyens. Elle constitue à travers ses dispositions, la revalorisation de droits de l’homme, de justice et de liberté. Ainsi, la justice constitutionnelle, nouveau concept crée par l’actuelle Constitution, représente un élément incontournable à l’enracinement de la démocratie. Ce projet vise à établir une renaissance institutionnelle, ce qui confirme le choix irréversible de l’État démocratique dans lequel s’affirme le Maroc.Cette thèse porte sur l’évolution de l’État de droit au Maroc depuis l’adoption de sa nouvelle Constitution. Ce thème apparait d’emblée paradoxal en raison de l’existence de nuances entre théories et pratiques. Nous avons tenté, à travers nos recherches, de comprendre cette évolution dans sa réponse aux exigences de protection des droits et libertés fondamentaux. En Outre, nous avons pu remarquer l’apparition consécutive d’autres mécanismes après l’entrée en vigueur de la présente Constitution, tels que la question préjudicielle de constitutionnalité. Et, il est certain qu’aujourd’hui le Maroc a décidé de prendre une franche orientation vers une approche constitutionnelle de la justice, où la nouvelle Cour est désormais la garante de la suprématie de la Constitution par le biais du contrôle a posteriori. Ces éléments ont ainsi amené le Maroc à adopter sa nouvelle Constitution de 2011, ce qui constitue un tournant pour le pays enclin à une transformation de la notion de l’État dans son concept traditionnel, vers un État moderne, où l’État est soumis au droit. C’est avec cette orientation que le Maroc a souhaité faire du droit une norme de référence suprême.Le Maroc ne cesse donc de mener une politique de changements constitutionnels, par de nombreux mécanismes portant un souffle de démocratie moderne.Morocco is in a decidedly modern perspective. This observation brings us back to the relevance of this theme in a country with a strong constitutional identity, driven by a remarkable extension of the foundations of its rights and freedoms.The new Constitution created in 2011 in Morocco is a founding act that crystallizes the legitimate aspirations of citizens. It constitutes through its provisions, the revaluation of human rights, justice and freedom. Thus, constitutional justice, a new concept created by the current Constitution, is an essential element in the rooting of democracy. This project aims to establish an institutional revival, which confirms the irreversible choice of the democratic state in which Morocco asserts itself.This thesis focuses on the evolution of the state governed by law in Morocco since the adoption of its new Constitution. This theme immediately appears paradoxical because of the existence of nuances between theories and practises. Throughout our research, we have tried to understand this evolution in its response to the requirements for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Furthermore, following the entry into force of this Constitution we have seen the successive apparition of other mechanisms, such as the interlocutory question of constitutionality. Therefore, it is a certain fact that today Morocco seems to be oriented towards a constitutional approach of justice, where the new Court is henceforth the guarantor of the supremacy of the Constitution through a posteriory oversight.These elements led Morocco to adopt its new Constitution, which is a turning point for the country inclined to a transformation of the notion of the state in its traditional concept, towards a modern state, where the state is subject to the law. This is the direction that Marocco has chosen in order to make of the law the supreme point of reference. Morocco therefore continues to change its constitutional system through many mechanisms which reflect the rise of modern democracy

Digital kompetens i det offentliga Sverige : En studie om digitalisering och dess påverkan på kompetens och kompetensförsörjning

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka digitalisering och dess påverkan på kompetens och kompetensförsörjning inom svenska myndigheter. Detta med avseende på det 16:e hållbarhetsmålet, framtaget av FN, som syftar till att främja fredliga, rättvisa och inkluderande samhällen för en hållbar utveckling. För att uppnå denna vision studeras e-förvaltning och dess inverkan på samhället. Insamling av primärdata har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare har sekundärdata tillämpats i form av statistik för att stödja en del påståenden. Utifrån denna studie kan det konstateras att digitalisering inom de studerade myndigheterna dels bidragit till att ersätta arbetsuppgifter och dels till att förändra arbetsverktyg. De nya arbetsuppgifterna och arbetsprocesserna har ställt ökade krav på nya kompetenser bland medarbetarna inom den operativa verksamheten. Främst handlar det om en ökad digital kompetens hos medarbetare. Beroende på den digitala mognaden och införandet av digital teknologi varierar efterfrågan på den digitala kompetensen. Ur myndighetens perspektiv har digitaliseringen bidragit till ökad kompetensnivå. Detta har medfört att arbetsuppgifternas process och resultat blir av högre kvalitet.The purpose of this thesis has been to study how digitalization has affected competency and competency management within Swedish authorities. This regards to the sixteenth sustainable goal developed by the UN which purpose is to promote peaceful, equitable and inclusive societies for a sustainable development. E-governance and its effect on the society is being studied to achieve the vision of a sustainable development. Collection of data has included primary data in the form of semi-structured interviews. Further on, secondary data have been applied in form of statistics for varying contexts. Based on the study’s findings it can be confirmed that the digital transformation within the examined authorities partially has contributed to replace professional tasks and partially to change the working tools used in the operation. The new professional tasks and their applied processes have contributed to higher demands of new competencies within the operation. It is mainly about an increased digital competency of employees. Depending on the digital maturity and the implementation of new technologies, the demand of digital competence varies between the authorities

Elucidation of oxidized products of Chloridazon in advanced oxidation processes using a liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric technique.

International audienceRationale5-Amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazone (Chloridazon) is an important systemic herbicide; its transformation by different Advanced Oxidation Processes could result in the formation of different and complex products. These products, that need to be identified, may present a more toxic effect than the parent compound.MethodsThe exact and unequivocal structural characterization of the detected by-products of Chloridazon was performed by in-depth analysis of the liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI+/MS2) fragmentation. Such a technique is a powerful and sensitive analytical tool to study environmental issues. The reactive radicals that induce the degradation of Chloridazon were generated by selective excitation of titanium dioxide as photocatalyst and also by UV photolysis of hydrogen peroxide.ResultsSeveral processes are initiated by hydroxyl radical reaction with Chloridazon. Among them (i) hydroxylation of the phenyl group at the ortho, meta and para positions; (ii) a second hydroxylation process as a secondary reaction is also obtained within the phenyl moiety; (iii) scission of the phenyl-N bond through a hydrolysis process; and (iv) a substitution of the chlorine atom by a hydroxyl group.ConclusionsLC/ESI-Q-TOFMS appeared to be a valuable and precise tool for structural elucidation of the unknown by-products that were generated during hydroxyl radical reactions with Chloridazon. Several hydroxylated and dihydroxylated isomers were identified together with dechlorinated and bridge opening products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Photophysical and photochemical studies of thifensulfuron-methyl herbicide in aqueous solution

International audienceThe photophysical and photochemical studies of a sulfonylurea herbicide, thifensulfuron-methyl (THM), have been investigated in a buffered aqueous solution. In the first part, the influence of pH on the spectroscopic properties was studied. This allowed the determination of the ground and excited state acidity constants, pK(a) = 4 and 4.4, respectively, thus exhibiting the potential existence of a photoinduced protonation in the singlet state. In the second part, the photolysis kinetics was studied at different pH and varying oxygen concentrations, using an HPK 125 W lamp and followed up by the identification of photoproducts formed under continuous photo-irradiation. The kinetics results suggest that the photolysis process is faster in acidic (k = 3 x 10(-4) s(-1)) than in basic medium (k = 9.8 x 10(-5) s(-1)). The photolysis products were identified by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS-MS. In order to obtain a better understanding of the photodegradation mechanism, a laser flash photolysis study was performed. By comparing the quenching rate constant (k(q) = 9.64 x 108 mol(-1) 1 s(-1)) obtained from triplet state quenching by molecular oxygen and from the Stern-Volmer relation (k(q) = 0.41 x 10(8) mol(-1) 1 s(-1)), the role of the singlet state in the photodegradation process was demonstrated. The photoproducts originating from both singlet and triplet excited states have been identified and hypothetical photodegradation pathways of the thifensulfuron-methyl in aqueous solution are propose

Towards an Adaptive Learning Model using Optimal Learning Paths to Prevent MOOC Dropout

Currently, massive open online courses (MOOCs) are experiencing major developments and are becoming increasingly popular in distance learning programs. The goal is to break down inequalities and disseminate knowledge to everyone by creating a space for exchange and interaction. Despite the improvements to this educational model, MOOCs still have low retention rates, which can be attributed to a variety of factors, including learners’ heterogeneity. The paper aims to address the issue of low retention rates in MOOCs by introducing an innovative prediction model that provides the best (optimal) learning path for at-risk learners. For this purpose, learners at risk of dropping out are identified, and their courses are adapted to meet their needs and skills. A case study is presented to validate the effectiveness of our approach using classification algorithms for prediction and the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to optimize learners’ paths