금성(Goldstar)과의 합작투자를 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(한국학전공), 2021. 2. 박태균이유재.In this thesis, I examined the German company Siemens in Korea during the period of rapid economic development under Park Chung Hee. I especially focused on the participation of Siemens in developmental aid projects of the German government which culminated in the joint venture with the Korean chaebol Goldstar. Siemens influenced the decisions of the German government concerning the German developmental aid policies. Siemens also used the German government to work for their own personal interests. However, the case study also reconfirmed the strong state theory as the Korean government had the most influence in decisions concerning developmental projects and could single-handedly decide the future of Siemens' business in Korea. At the same time, the study confirms once again the importance of technology transfer and technical aid for economic development not only on a national level but also on a corporate level. In this case, one technology, EMD, was able to have several outcomes on all the concerned parties. First, Siemens was able to enter the Korean market and establish a long-term partnership with a Korean company in Goldstar. They also were able to profit from the developmental loans of the German government. Second, Goldstar was able to cheaply import an advanced technology to secure their market leader position in the telecommunication field. Third, the Korean government was able to expand the telecommunication network which is an important basis for the development of the country. The first evidence for my arguments shown in this thesis was Siemens' participation in the developmental projects of the German government in the 60s. They participated in developmental aid projects in the electrical field especially concerning telecommunication and power plants. In fact, Siemens already started with technical aid before the official relation between the German and Korean government started in 1961. Yet, they were also the leader of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft which was a group of German businesses that participated in developmental aid projects requested by the Korean government. Those projects were part of the first five-year economic plan. Focusing on the AG, it shows how Siemens leveraged their influence to establish a monopoly on the developmental projects and a monopoly in the Korean telecommunication industry. In this case, they use their connections to the Korean government through their proxy Eisenberg to influence the German government in their decision making. The second evidence is the joint venture with Goldstar. Established in 1971 as the pinnacle of long-term cooperation in the telecommunication field with Goldstar, not only does it show the direct participation of the German government in private businesses concerning developmental aid, but also the influence that foreign private businesses had on the foreign policy strategies of their countries. This was best shown in the ESS crisis, where political leader of multiple countries lobbied for their technology and their national businesses. The Goldstar Tele-electric joint venture also showed how foreign investors in Korea established and managed their presence. In the case of Goldstar Tele-electric, the division of tasks was key for the success of the business. Siemens provided the technology and knowledge while Goldstar provided their knowledge over the Korean market. The company itself was completely Korean in its structure, strategy, and culture. On one hand, Siemens profited extremely from the low wages and hard-working, disciplined labor. On the other hand, they were introducing new technology and advanced the technical training and education in the company and in the country. Goldstar, too, profited from cheap technology transfer and available capital through loans with good conditions from the developmental aid projects. It is obvious that there were also problems concerning the cultural and traditional understanding between the two partners. The contribution of this study is threefold. First and foremost, this thesis enabled a new perspective on the field of developmental aid by focusing on the business perspective and the business-government relation which might be more influential than previous thought. Second, it contributed to the German-Korean relation history by telling the story of a German company in Korea in general and various unknown and forgotten histories like the AG and German-Korean joint ventures. Third, it gave new insight in the degree of cooperation between private businesses and governments in general. The limits of this study are as follows. A case study should have the goal to universalize. In the end, however, this study only shows the case of Siemens itself and how it acted concerning Korea. In order to generalize the experience of foreign companies in Korea during the economic development period, there needs to be further research, especially from other countries that heavily participated in developmental aid like the US and Japan. Second, the closed nature of Korean businesses concerning their history that manifests itself in the lack of large and organized corporate archives is not only a problem for the research of this study but the field of business history studies in Korea in general. Therefore, further research on foreign businesses in Korea is heavily dependent on materials from public corporate archives and governmental archives. For researching especially business-government relations, it is beneficial to acquire materials from the government archives. Further research on this topic would be beneficial for a new perspective on the developmental era.1. 서론 1 1.1. 논문의 주제 및 중요성 1 1.2. 선행연구 3 1.3. 연구방법과 논문의 구조 8 2. 역사적 배경 13 2.1. 박정희의 경제발전 시대와 한독관계 13 2.1.1. 경제발전과 기술원조의 관계 13 2.1.2. 60-70년대의 한독관계와 서독 원조 정책 18 2.2. 지멘스사 19 2.3. 금성 그룹 22 3. 한국의 통신분야 개발과 지멘스 25 3.1. 제1차 경제발전 5개년 계획을 위한 원조 – 지멘스 지도 하의 독일제작자협동체 (Arbeitsgemeinschaft) 25 3.1.1. 독일제작자협동체의 설립 25 3.1.2. 합의 서명에 대한 한국 언론의 보도 31 3.1.3. 계약과 자금 문제 33 3.1.4. 경쟁 제한 문제 35 3.2. 통신분야 확대 – 지멘스와 금성의 첫 만남과 협력 41 3.3. 표준 시스템 전환 – ESS 위기로 미·독 외교전 45 3.4. 한국의 전자통신분야에 미친 지멘스와 금성의 영향 53 4. 합작투자 (Joint Venture) 금성통신으로 보는 지멘스와 금성의 협력 57 4.1. 금성통신의 설립 57 4.2. 회사의 구성 62 4.2.1. 기업지배구조 62 4.2.2. 금성통신의 노동자 67 4.2.3. 교육과 기술대회 70 4.2.4. 기업문화 74 4.3. 금성통신의 발전 77 4.3.1. 회사의 발전을 위한 경영전략 77 4.3.2. 지멘스가 자신의 목표를 달성할 수 있었는가? 81 4.4. 사업이 성공적이었나? – 금성통신의 평가 86 4.4.1. 특별감사반과 독일정부의 금성통신 평가와 논의 86 4.4.2. 지멘스와 금성간 협력관계의 각 기업의 입장 91 5. 결론 95 참고 문헌 99 Abstract 106Maste

Boron Isotope Fractionation in Bell Pepper

Various plant compartments of a single bell pepper plant were studied to verify the variability of boron isotope composition in plants and to identify possible intra-plant isotope fractionation. Boron mass fractions varied from 9.8 mg/kg in the fruits to 70.0 mg/kg in the leaves. Boron (B) isotope ratios reported as δ11B ranged from -11.0‰ to +16.0‰ (U ≤ 1.9‰, k=2) and showed a distinct trend to heavier δ11B values the higher the plant compartments were located in the plant. A fractionation of Δ11Bleaf-roots = 27‰ existed in the studied bell pepper plant, which represents about 1/3 of the overall natural boron isotope variation (ca. 80‰). Two simultaneous operating processes are a possible explanation for the observed systematic intra-plant δ11B variation: 1) B is fixed in cell walls in its tetrahedral form (borate), which preferentially incorporates the light B isotope and the remaining xylem sap gets enriched in the heavy B isotope and 2) certain transporter preferentially transport the trigonal 11B-enriched boric acid molecule and thereby the heavy 11B towards young plant compartments which were situated distal of the roots and typically high in the plant. Consequently, an enrichment of the heavy 11B isotope in the upper young plant parts located at the top of the plant could explain the observed isotope systematic. The identification and understanding of the processes generating systematic intra-plant δ11B variations will potentially enable the use of B isotope for plant metabolism studies

Leaf structural changes associated with iron deficiency chlorosis in field-grown pear and peach: physiological implications

The final version is available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/y62g0r6712184032/fulltext.pdfPlants grown in calcareous, high pH soils develop Fe deficiency chlorosis. While the physiological parameters of Fe-deficient leaves have been often investigated, there is a lack of information regarding structural leaf changes associated with such abiotic stress. Iron-sufficient and Fe-deficient pear and peach leaves have been studied, and differences concerning leaf epidermal and internal structure were found. Iron deficiency caused differences in the aspect of the leaf surface, which appeared less smooth in Fe-deficient than in Fe-sufficient leaves. Iron deficiency reduced the amount of soluble cuticular lipids in peach leaves, whereas it reduced the weight of the abaxial cuticle in pear leaves. In both plant species, epidermal cells were enlarged as compared to healthy leaves, whereas the size of guard cells was reduced. In chlorotic leaves, bundle sheaths were enlarged and appeared disorganized, while the mesophyll was more compacted and less porous than in green leaves. In contrast to healthy leaves, chlorotic leaves of both species showed a significant transient opening of stomata after leaf abscission (Iwanoff effect), which can be ascribed to changes found in epidermal and guard cells. Results indicate that Fe-deficiency may alter the barrier properties of the leaf surface, which can significantly affect leaf water relations, solute permeability and pest and disease resistance.This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (MEC, grants AGL2006-01416 and AGL2007-61948, co-financed with FEDER), the European Commission (ISAFRUIT project, Thematic Priority 5-Food Quality and Safety of the 6th Framework Programme of RTD; Contract no. FP6-FOOD-CT-2006-016279) and the Aragón Government (group A03). V.F. was supported by a “Juan de la Cierva”-MEC post-doctoral contract, co-financed by the European Social Fund. T.E. was supported by the CAI Europa XXI for a short term stay at the EEAD-CSIC.Peer reviewe

Absorption and mobility of foliar-applied boron in soybean as affected by plant boron status and application as a polyol complex

In the present study (i) the impact of plant Boron (B) status on foliar B absorption and (ii) the effect of B complexation with polyols (sorbitol or mannitol) on B absorption and translocation was investigated. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Meer.) plants grown in nutrient solution containing 0 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM or 100 μM 11B labelled boric acid (BA) were treated with 50 mM 10B labelled BA applied to the basal parts of two leaflets of one leaf, either pure or in combination with 500 mM sorbitol or mannitol. After one week, 10B concentrations in different plant parts were determined. In B deficient leaves (0 μM 11B), 10B absorption was significantly lower than in all other treatments (9.7% of the applied dose vs. 26%–32%). The application of BA in combination with polyols increased absorption by 18–25% as compared to pure BA. The absolute amount of applied 10B moving out of the application zone was lowest in plants with 0 μM 11B supply (1.1% of the applied dose) and highest in those grown in 100 μM 11B (2.8%). The presence of sorbitol significantly decreased the share of mobile 10B in relation to the amount absorbed. The results suggest that 11B deficiency reduces the permeability of the leaf surface for BA. The addition of polyols may increase 10B absorption, but did not improve 10B distribution within the plant, which was even hindered when applied a sorbitol complex

Reflectance confocal microscopy for diagnosing cutaneous melanoma in adults

Background: Melanoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates of any cancer. It accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases but is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Early detection and treatment is key to improving survival; however, anxiety around missing early cases needs to be balanced against appropriate levels of referral and excision of benign lesions. Used in conjunction with clinical or dermoscopic suspicion of malignancy, or both, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) may reduce unnecessary excisions without missing melanoma cases.Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy for the detection of cutaneous invasive melanoma and atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants in adults with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and lesions that are difficult to diagnose, and to compare its accuracy with that of dermoscopy.Search methods: We undertook a comprehensive search of the following databases from inception up to August 2016: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE; Embase; and seven other databases. We studied reference lists and published systematic review articles.Selection criteria: Studies of any design that evaluated RCM alone, or RCM in comparison to dermoscopy, in adults with lesions suspicious for melanoma or atypical intraepidermal melanocytic variants, compared with a reference standard of either histological confirmation or clinical follow‐up.Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted all data using a standardised data extraction and quality assessment form (based on QUADAS‐2). We contacted authors of included studies where information related to the target condition or diagnostic threshold were missing. We estimated summary sensitivities and specificities per algorithm and threshold using the bivariate hierarchical model. To compare RCM with dermoscopy, we grouped studies by population (defined by difficulty of lesion diagnosis) and combined data using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) methods. Analysis of studies allowing direct comparison between tests was undertaken. To facilitate interpretation of results, we computed values of specificity at the point on the SROC curve with 90% sensitivity as this value lies within the estimates for the majority of analyses. We investigated the impact of using a purposely developed RCM algorithm and in‐person test interpretation.Main results: The search identified 18 publications reporting on 19 study cohorts with 2838 lesions (including 658 with melanoma), which provided 67 datasets for RCM and seven for dermoscopy. Studies were generally at high or unclear risk of bias across almost all domains and of high or unclear concern regarding applicability of the evidence. Selective participant recruitment, lack of blinding of the reference test to the RCM result, and differential verification were particularly problematic. Studies may not be representative of populations eligible for RCM, and test interpretation was often undertaken remotely from the patient and blinded to clinical information.Meta‐analysis found RCM to be more accurate than dermoscopy in studies of participants with any lesion suspicious for melanoma and in participants with lesions that were more difficult to diagnose (equivocal lesion populations). Assuming a fixed sensitivity of 90% for both tests, specificities were 82% for RCM and 42% for dermoscopy for any lesion suspicious for melanoma (9 RCM datasets; 1452 lesions and 370 melanomas). For a hypothetical population of 1000 lesions at the median observed melanoma prevalence of 30%, this equated to a reduction in unnecessary excisions with RCM of 280 compared to dermoscopy, with 30 melanomas missed by both tests. For studies in equivocal lesions, specificities of 86% would be observed for RCM and 49% for dermoscopy (7 RCM datasets; 1177 lesions and 180 melanomas). At the median observed melanoma prevalence of 20%, this reduced unnecessary excisions by 296 with RCM compared with dermoscopy, with 20 melanomas missed by both tests. Across all populations, algorithms and thresholds assessed, the sensitivity and specificity of the Pellacani RCM score at a threshold of three or greater were estimated at 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 87 to 95) for RCM and 72% (95% CI 62 to 81) for dermoscopy.Authors' conclusions: RCM may have a potential role in clinical practice, particularly for the assessment of lesions that are difficult to diagnose using visual inspection and dermoscopy alone, where the evidence suggests that RCM may be both more sensitive and specific in comparison to dermoscopy. Given the paucity of data to allow comparison with dermoscopy, the results presented require further confirmation in prospective studies comparing RCM with dermoscopy in a real‐world setting in a representative population