Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders

Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.Peer reviewe

The Existence of Golden Ages and Stability in the Two-Sector Model

There are several related questions which can be asked in the context of the neoclassical two-sector growth model..

The irrelevance of Sraffa's analysis without constant returns to scale

One fundamental result in Sraffa's production of commodities by means by commodities is the relationship between the rate of profit for a given production tecchnique and Sraffa;s measure of the real wage................

EQUAL ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF CAPITAL AND REGULARITY

Equal organic composition of capital (EOCC) is shown to be a necessary and sufficient condition for constant relative prices in no-joint production technologies with neoclassical production functions. It is then proved that such neoclassical technologies are regular (which implies that consumption is well behaved across steady-state equilibria). Regularity is also a necessary and sufficient condition for near aggregation (which implies an aggregate production function with all but one of the usual neoclassical properties). Except perhaps for some fluke cases, the existence of an aggregate production function with all of the usual neoclassical properties (full aggregation) requires the stronger EOCC property. Copyright � 2008 The Author. Journal compilation � 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Synthesizing the neo-Austrian and alternative approaches to capital theory: a survey

CAPITAL theory involves many complex issues which have generated heated debates within the profession,' and no one survey can treat the subject exhaustively. However, Capital and time:A neo-Austrian theory [27, Hicks, 1973], the third book John R. Hicks has written about capital,2 serves to provide a manageable list of topics for discussion..