Explaining food insecurity among indigenous households of the Sierra Tarahumara in the Mexican state of Chihuahua

Numerous studies have analyzed the factors that determine food security and explored the problem from regional or national points of view. However, there has been less research targeting an understanding of the food security problem at the household level in specific rural locations like indigenous communities. Indigenous groups are recognized as priority groups in Mexico, because they live in a situation of poverty. For this reason, the objective of this research was to investigate the determinants of food insecurity among the indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico. We used the Latin American and Caribbean Household Food Security Measurement Scale (ELCSA). This scale is useful for measuring food insecurity levels in households. A questionnaire was administered to 123 households. We employed the method based on Cronbach's alpha to measure internal consistency, which was 0.96. In addition, we estimated the main determinants of household food insecurity using both ordered logit model and binomial logit model. We found that approximately 59.35% of households were living in a situation of severe food insecurity. The two predictive models applied suggest that: i) income is the most important determinant of access to food; ii) increased maize production improves food security; iii) farmers consume their seed stocks in times of food scarcity, and iv) households are food insecure when the householders are in casual employment. Akaike's information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion suggest that the goodness of fit to the data was better for the ordered logit model

Dietary Diversity in Rural Households: The Case of Indigenous Communities in Sierra Tarahumara, Mexico

Rural populations have a bigger risk of suffering food and nutrition insecurity, mainly, where the indigenous population prevails. The purpose of this research was to analyse the dietary diversity through the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) in the indigenous communities of Sierra Tarahumara, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. The representative sample is formed of 123 households and it took place in February and March 2015. The households? characteristics were analysed, followed by a discriminant analysis (DA) by steps inclusion to determine which variables determine best the levels of the dietary diversity. The results show that the average HDDS of food consumption was of 6.89 foods. From the twelve food groups defined in this research, most of the respondents consume less than eight food groups (50.41%). The food groups most consumed by the sample of the study were the cereals (100%); legumes or nuts (96.7%); eggs (78.9%); sugar/honey (78%); oils/fats (77.2%). The DA determined that the variables that best explained the dietary diversity were food spending per capita, casual employment, the Prospera program and the marital status of the head of household. The level of low dietary diversity was the best to classify the DA. This research leads us to observe a consumption pattern of a diet based on carbohydrates that can be related to the nutrient deficiency to indicate family malnutrition. This tool can be used as diagnosis for the analysis of interventions on food and nutritional security

Fribrinolytic activity and gas production by Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius - EUM1 in bagasse cane

ABSTRACT Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme®. Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate ( Vcr ) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS ), witness (Fibrozyme®) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d ) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g-1 initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1 , respectively ; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g -1 UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products

Modelado de riesgos para el sistema vaca-cría del estado de Chihuahua utilizando indicadores socioeconómicos y ambientales

Los sistemas de producción de bovinos-carne se encuentran expuestos a una vulnerabilidad inminente por el sobre pastoreo, cambios en el uso de suelo y un manejo inadecuado del hato. El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar un modelo matemático integrado por indicadores ambientales y socioeconómicos de tres ecorregiones, que identifiquen factores y patrones de vulnerabilidad en la densidad ganadera (Dg) del sistema vaca-cría del estado de Chihuahua. La estimación mostró que el aumento de la Dg en una unidad animal en los predios ejidales eleva los costos de producción 0.0358 unidades porcentuales, al demandar un mayor consumo de materia vegetal e insumos. La diferencia en las unidades animal entre tipos de tenencia predial, al considerar un programa de capacitación técnico pecuario, disminuye entre las zonas, y mostró que la vulnerabilidad en los predios ejidales es inferior ante un evento de sequía. Se pretende que este trabajo genere información útil para analizar los posibles riesgos que afecten la rentabilidad económica, social y ambiental en las ecorregiones del estado de Chihuahua. ASTRACT Overgrazing, changes in land use and inadequate management that supports it exposes the cattle-beef systems to an imminent vulnerability. The aim of this research was to develop an integrated model of environmental and socioeconomic indicators of three ecoregions, identifying vulnerability factors and patterns of cow-calf system in the grasslands of the State of Chihuahua that affects the livestock density (LD). The estimation showed that the increasing of LD in the Ejido lands raises the production costs 0.0358 units, by demanding a higher materials and forage intake. The difference in animal units between farm types (considering a technical program of training livestock) decreases depending the areas, and shows that the Ejidos lands are less vulnerable in time of drought. This report will generate useful information for analyzing the potential economic, social and environmental risks in the ecoregions of the state of Chihuahua

Diagnosis of health and safety at work in a Fire Station located in Chihuahua, Mexico

Resumen Esta investigación presenta un diagnóstico de seguridad y salud en el trabajo basado en el Modelo Obrero Italiano, para la identificación de riesgos y demandas fisiológicas en trabajadores de una estación de bomberos en Chihuahua, México. Se midieron los niveles de ruido, la pérdida auditiva y las partículas en suspensión. Se empleó el método ergonómico REBA para detectar el riesgo en el ascenso-descenso de la unidad móvil de rescate. Las demandas psicosociales se evaluaron a través del instrumento DAAS 21. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software SAS 9.0. El ruido excedió el Nivel Máximo Permitido (MLP) establecido por la norma mexicana. Se detectaron bomberos con hipoacusia leve a moderada. Se analizó el nivel de correlación entre umbral de audición (UA), antigüedad, edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Las partículas PM2.5 y PM10 fueron medidas y su concentración se encontró dentro del MLP. El método REBA categorizó el riesgo ergonómico como medio y muy alto. Los resultados del DASS 21 estuvieron en un rango normal para ansiedad-depresión-estrés. Los resultados brindan evidencia científica que demuestra la necesidad de equipos y atención médica para los bomberos. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v15i1.75

Estimating biomass in grasslands through traditional methods and the use of drones in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico

Objective: To evaluate three biomass estimation methods (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV or drone), ceptometer, and canopy height), comparing them to the quadrant method in an arborescent tufted grassland in the state of Chihuahua.Methodology: The study was conducted in Teseachi, Namiquipa, in october 2020. We located thirty random points. The first biomass estimation method used was UAV. Once the drone flights were completed, the quadrant was placed and the coordinates were determined. We carried out nine readings using a ceptometer and obtained an average. Subsequently, we measured the average canopy height. Finally, all forage within the quadrant was cut at ground level and packed for laboratory analysis. The Agisoft Metashape software was used to process the SfM of the aerial images, using nine sampling points, applying the NGBDI vegetation index, and calculating the averagepixels of a 3 x 3 m moving window. A simple linear regression model was used to analyze the data with the R Project software, version 4.0.3.Results: The simple linear regression model showed an R 2 of 0.62 (p<0.01), 0.55 (p<;0.001), and 0.48 (p<0.001), for UAV, ceptometer, and canopy height, respectively.Study Limitations: There were no limitations for this report. Conclusions: Data obtained with UAVs can generate predictive biomass maps with acceptable accuracy levels. The ceptometer leaf area index is a reliable method to estimate forage yield. However, using the canopy height method is not advisable to estimate forage yield, since its correlation is weak

Effect of Acid Treatment on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Sorption Capacity of a Natural Zeolite

Mining is a very important industry for the development of emerging economies; however, it generates a large number of environmental externalities such as acid mine drainages; these have acid pH values and high heavy metal content. Although there are several methods for the elimination of metals in different solutions, they require a large economic investment. Recently, the use of adsorbent materials for the removal of heavy metals in acid drains such as agricultural by-products and natural zeolites has been developed as a cheaper alternative. In spite of the environmental benefits of using natural zeolites as adsorbent, one of the disadvantages is dealumination, which to a great extent could depend on the geological origin of the mineral that shapes some of its characteristics. This study characterized chemical and physical properties of natural and modified zeolites using various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption- desorption, inductively coupled plasma − optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and SEM-EDS to determine the effect of an acid treatment on the physical and chemical characteristics of a natural zeolite, correlating these with their sorption capacity. When giving acid treatment to a zeolite there are no significant changes in the crystal structure, the Si/Al ratio indicates a dealumination of the structure but with minimal changes, the surface area and density of the micropores increased considerably. A significant increase in the capacity of copper adsorption was registered. According to XRD, no significant changes occur to the structures. Keywords: Dealumination; aluminosilicates; AMD; acid treatment; metal removal. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/10-9-05 Publication date:September 30th 202

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Essential Oils and Chipotle Pepper Oleoresin (Capsicum annum) on Beef Hamburgers

The inclusion of natural ingredients to preserve meat and meat products has increased in recent years. This study evaluated rosemary (REO) and garlic essential oils (GEO) as well as chipotle pepper oleoresin (CPO), alone or in combination, as preservatives on beef hamburgers (BH). Six treatments were evaluated: T1 (control, without additives), T2 (GEO 1%), T3 (REO 1%), T4 (CPO 0.5%), T5 (GEO 1% + CPO 0.5%) and T6 (REO 1% + CPO 0.5%). The microbiological quality, physicochemical characteristics, sensory evaluation, and lipid oxidation of hamburgers were evaluated. REO, GEO and CPO limited the growth of aerobic microorganisms, S. aureus, Salmonella spp., B. thermosphacta, moulds and yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and coliforms (p < 0.05); however, this effect depended on time. Furthermore, lipid oxidation decreased significantly (p < 0.5) in all treatments, except for T5 (GEO 1% + CPO 0.5%). Regarding sensory acceptance, consumers preferred BH with GEO in terms of colour, odour, flavour and overall appearance (p < 0.05). It is concluded that REO, GEO and CPO, alone or in combination, improve microbiological quality and inhibit the lipid oxidation of BH.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Respuesta de vacas Criollas de Rodeo a la suplementación con selenio y propionato de calcio, y a la sincronización de la ovulación

Se evaluó el efecto de propionato de calcio (CaP) y selenio de sodio (Se) sobre la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), espesor de grasa dorsal (EGD), condición corporal (CC) y la tasa de preñez (PR) en vacas Criollas de Rodeo (CR). Se utilizaron 45 vacas sin cría, divididas en cuatro tratamientos nutricionales: TN1 (n=11), concentrado, TN2 (n= 11), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg de peso vivo (Se/ PV); TN3 (n=11), concentrado + 100 g CaP y TN4 (n=12), Se/PV + concentrado + 100 g CaP. Vacas con cuerpo lúteo (n=34) se asignaron a dos tratamientos hormonales (TR); el d=0, un dispositivo intravaginal liberador de progesterona (CIDR) y 100 mcg de hormona liberadora de gonadotropina (GnRH), el d=8, retiro del CIDR e inicio de tratamientos TR1 (n=18), 25 mg de prostaglandina F2 (PGF2) y 400 UI de gonadotropina coriónica equina (eCG), a 56 h de retirado el dispositivo 100 mcg de GnRH e inseminadas a tiempo fijo (IATF). En TR2 (n=16), igual a TR1 sin eCG. La CC fue similar (P>0.05) entre los TN, el CaP tuvo un efecto negativo (P0.05). El Se no tuvo efecto en CC, ni el Se o CaP mejoraron (P > 0.05) la PR. La eCG no mejoró la fertilidad (31.58% y 46.67%, P>0.05, respectivamente) con GnRH al momento de la IATF. La administración de Se y CaP no mejoraron la CC, EGD y la fertilidad. Abstract The effect of calcium propionate (CaP) and sodium selenium (Se) on average daily gain (ADG), backfat thickness (BF), body condition (BCS) and on pregnancy rate (PR) was evaluated in Creole Rodeo cows (CR). Forty-five dry CR cows were randomly assigned to TN1 (n = 11), concentrate only; TN2 (n = 11), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg BW; TN3 (n = 11), concentrate + 100 g CaP and TN4 (n = 12), 10.95 mg Se/50 kg of BW + concentrate + 100 g CaP. Cows with a corpus luteum (n = 34) were assigned to two hormonal treatments (TR) and received an eight day controlled releasing intravaginal devise (CIDR) and 100 mcg of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). On d=8 the CIDR was removed and in TR1 (n=18) received 25 mg PGF2, 400 IU eCG and 56 h later 100 mcg GnRH, and were fixed-time AI (FTAI). In TR2 (n=16), the same procedure as in TR1 without eCG. BCS was similar (P > 0.05) between TN, CaP had a negative effect (P 0.05). The use of Se had no effect on BCS and supplementing Se or CaP had no effect (P > 0.05) on PR; similarly, eCG did not improved fertility (31.58 % and 46.67 %, P > 0.05, respectively) in GnRH treated CC at FTAI. The administration of Se and/or CaP supplementation did not improved the BSC, BF or PR in CC. Keywords: Creole Rodeo cows, calcium propionate, selenium, ovulation synchronization

Effects of ultrasound versus pasteurization on whey–oat beverage processing: quality and antioxidative properties

The consumption of functional beverages is rapidly increasing. The improvement in the functional properties of whey after the application of ultrasound is due to the release of bioactive peptides that have antioxidant properties, among others. Bioactive peptides with antioxidant activity have also been found in oats, stimulating the study of whey beverages formulated with oats to obtain functional products. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ultrasound (24 kHz) at 20 °C for 15 min at 23 W and 154 W on the quality and functional properties of whey–oat (50:50 v/v) beverages and compare it with pasteurization at 65 °C for 30 min (LTLT). Non-significant effect (p > 0.05) of ultrasound intensity (23 W and 154 W) was observed on the physicochemical characteristics and the proximal composition of the whey–oat beverages. The sonicated beverages showed a greater tendency to green and yellow color (p < 0.05), higher fat content (p < 0.05), and less ash and carbohydrates (p < 0.05) than the pasteurized beverage. The antioxidant activity of the mM Trolox equivalent/mL of the sonicated beverages was higher (p < 0.05) (4.24 and 4.27 for 23W and 54 W, respectively) compared to that of the pasteurized beverage (4.12). It is concluded that ultrasound is superior to pasteurization in improving the antioxidant activity of whey–oat beverages without having a detrimental impact on the proximal composition and physicochemical quality. Future studies should evaluate more functional parameters and determine the shelf life of sonicated whey–oat beverages