12 research outputs found
Strange Quark Matter and Compact Stars
Astrophysicists distinguish between three different types of compact stars.
These are white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The former contain
matter in one of the densest forms found in the Universe which, together with
the unprecedented progress in observational astronomy, make such stars superb
astrophysical laboratories for a broad range of most striking physical
phenomena. These range from nuclear processes on the stellar surface to
processes in electron degenerate matter at subnuclear densities to boson
condensates and the existence of new states of baryonic matter--like color
superconducting quark matter--at supernuclear densities. More than that,
according to the strange matter hypothesis strange quark matter could be more
stable than nuclear matter, in which case neutron stars should be largely
composed of pure quark matter possibly enveloped in thin nuclear crusts.
Another remarkable implication of the hypothesis is the possible existence of a
new class of white dwarfs. This article aims at giving an overview of all these
striking physical possibilities, with an emphasis on the astrophysical
phenomenology of strange quark matter. Possible observational signatures
associated with the theoretically proposed states of matter inside compact
stars are discussed as well. They will provide most valuable information about
the phase diagram of superdense nuclear matter at high baryon number density
but low temperature, which is not accessible to relativistic heavy ion
collision experiments.Comment: 58 figures, to appear in "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics";
References added for sections 1,2,3,5; Equation (116) corrected; Figs. 1 and
58 update
Archinesia: Architecture network in Southeast Asia. Vol. 12: Perfection in architecture
Jakarta205 p.: illus.; 30 c
Women and men in the history of western cardiology: Some notes on their position as patients, role as investigational study subjects, and impact as professionals
Nowadays, it is generally appreciated that studies in the medical field should not only include sex-related aspects but also consider age. In the past, taking the era of Hippocrates as a starting point for the Western medical sciences, such aspects were less urgent and barely relevant. However, considering such details during daily life became increasingly important as the traditional roles of men and women in society and household converged. In the Western world, this fundamental transition process started recently and is advancing at an accelerated pace. Research about the role of women has also evolved, starting from plain history about the lives of women to a description of the relation between men and women, resulting in the gender concept. The present survey highlights a historical selection of observations referring to the impact of men and women on the medical sciences, as patient, study object, and professional. Whenever relevant, focus will be on the field of cardiovascular investigations as documented in the Western world. Rather than being exhaustive, we focus on a few remarkable icons, including Trota of Salerno, Hildegard von Bingen, and Miguel Serveto