From the outside in: narratives of creative arts practitioners working in the criminal justice system

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Wiley-Blackwell in The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice on 31/12/2019, available online: https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12318 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.The penal voluntary sector is highly variegated in its roles, practices and functions, though research to date has largely excluded the experiences of front-line practitioners. We argue that engaging with the narratives of practitioners can provide fuller appreciation of the potential of the sector’s work. Though life story and narrative have been recognised as important in offender desistance (Maruna, 2001), the narrative identities of creative arts practitioners, who are important ‘change agents’ (Albertson, 2015), are typically absent. This is despite evidence to suggest that a practitioner’s life history can be a significant and positive influence in the rehabilitation of offenders (Harris, 2017). Using narratological analysis (Bal, 2009), this study examined the narratives of 19 creative practitioners in prisons in England and Wales. Of particular interest were the formative experiences of arts practitioners in their journey to prison work. The findings suggest that arts practitioners identify with an ‘outsider’ status and may be motivated by an ethic of mutual aid. In the current climate of third sector involvement in the delivery of criminal justice interventions, such a capacity may be both a strength and weakness for arts organisations working in this field

Avaliação do regime estacionário em colunas de amostras deformadas de solo sob saturação Evaluation of the stationary condition in disturbed saturated soil columns

Estudos sobre o movimento de solutos no solo freqüentemente são realizados em laboratório, sob condições aparentemente controladas. Uma revisão desses estudos mostrou, no entanto, que a variável tempo, para obtenção do regime estacionário tem sido freqüentemente negligenciada. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo registrar o tempo para que o fluxo da água no solo sob condições de saturação atinja o equilíbrio dinâmico, medindo-se a condutividade hidráulica saturada (K0) do solo. A condição de equilíbrio dinâmico é a etapa que antecede a aplicação do íon no solo em estudos de eluição de solutos. Utilizaram-se amostras deformadas de três solos com diferentes granulometrias: muito argilosa, média e arenosa, coletadas em área experimental da ESALQ/USP. As amostras foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC, e utilizou-se água destilada e deaerada para saturação e posterior escoamento nas colunas, conforme montagem experimental do permeâmetro de carga constante. Pelos resultados, constatou-se que, nas amostras dos solos muito argiloso e médio, o equilíbrio dinâmico foi atingido após 15 dias de drenagem e, para o arenoso, após 27 dias, sendo a variabilidade de K0 maior nos primeiros seis dias depois de iniciado o ensaio. Essa situação evidenciou que a adoção de um tempo fixo para adição dos solutos pode levar a uma baixa confiabilidade nos resultados.<br>Studies about solute movement in soil are frequently realized under laboratory conditions, in apparently controlled situations. A review of these studies showed that the variable time, to obtain the stationary condition, is frequently neglected. In view of this fact, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the time it takes until the water flow in saturated soil reaches the steady-state, by measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0). The steady-state is the stage that precedes the application of the ion into soil samples in solute elution studies. Disturbed soil samples were collected in an experimental area of the ESALQ/USP. The soils had three different granulometries: very clayey, sandy-loam and sandy soil. PVC columns were filled with soil samples and then distilled and deaerated water was used for saturation and subsequent drainage in the columns, according to the experimental set-up of a constant-head permeameter. The data showed that for very clayey and sandy-loam samples, the steady-state was reached after 15 days and for the sandy soil after 27 days. The variability of K0 was higher in the first six test days. It was therefore concluded that the use of a fixed time for the addition of solutes in soil can result in a reduction of reliability in results

Diffuse Phosphorus Models in the United States and Europe: Their Usages, Scales, and Uncertainties

Today there are many well-established computer models that are being used at different spatial and temporal scales to describe water, sediment, and P transport from diffuse sources. In this review, we describe how diffuse P models are commonly being used in the United States and Europe, the challenge presented by different temporal and spatial scales, and the uncertainty in model predictions. In the United States for water bodies that do not meet water quality standards, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of the Pollutant of concern must be set that will restore water quality and a plan implemented to reduce the pollutant load to meet the TMDL. Models are used to estimate the current maximum daily and annual average load, to estimate the contribution from different nonpoint sources, and to develop scenarios for achieving the TMDL target. In Europe, the EC-Water Framework Directive is the driving force to improve water quality and models are playing a similar role to that in the United States, but the models being used are not the same. European models are more likely to take into account leaching of P and the identification of critical source areas. Scaling up to the watershed scale has led to overparameterized models that cannot be used to test hypotheses regarding nonpoint sources of P or transport processes using the monitoring data that is typically available. There is a need for more parsimonious models and monitoring data that takes advantage of the technological improvements that allow nearly continuous sampling for P and sediment. Tools for measuring model uncertainty must become an integral part of models and be readily available for model users