Organizing Shared Digital Reading in Groups: Optimizing the Affordances of Text and Medium

Children develop their language when they explore and talk about literary texts. In this study, we explore the design of shared digital reading as a basis for critical reflection on the reading situation in an institutional context with its given opportunities and limitations. We examine six videotaped readings of one specific picture book app, with a focus on the strategies used by teachers in early childhood education and care institutions to control children’s access to the medium and the types of verbal engagement (about the story and about the medium) that are generated by these different strategies. We use qualitative and quantitative analysis of video data. A qualitative categorization of the readings reveals the strategies Show, Show & Share, and Share. In analyzing the participants’ verbal and multisensory engagement, we find that the Show strategy generates more utterances, especially about the story, as well as more time spent on dialogue.publishedVersio

Robust association between vascular habitats and patient prognosis in glioblastoma: an international retrospective multicenter study

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: del Mar Álvarez-Torres, M., Juan-Albarracín, J., Fuster-Garcia, E., Bellvís-Bataller, F., Lorente, D., Reynés, G., Font de Mora, J., Aparici-Robles, F., Botella, C., Muñoz-Langa, J., Faubel, R., Asensio-Cuesta, S., García-Ferrando, G.A., Chelebian, E., Auger, C., Pineda, J., Rovira, A., Oleaga, L., Mollà-Olmos, E., Revert, A.J., Tshibanda, L., Crisi, G., Emblem, K.E., Martin, D., Due-Tønnessen, P., Meling, T.R., Filice, S., Sáez, C. and García-Gómez, J.M. (2020), Robust association between vascular habitats and patient prognosis in glioblastoma: An international multicenter study. J Magn Reson Imaging, 51: 1478-1486, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26958. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a heterogeneous and abnormal vascularity. Subtypes of vascular habitats within the tumor and edema can be distinguished: high angiogenic tumor (HAT), low angiogenic tumor (LAT), infiltrated peripheral edema (IPE), and vasogenic peripheral edema (VPE). Purpose To validate the association between hemodynamic markers from vascular habitats and overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma patients, considering the intercenter variability of acquisition protocols. Study Type Multicenter retrospective study. Population In all, 184 glioblastoma patients from seven European centers participating in the NCT03439332 clinical study. Field Strength/Sequence 1.5T (for 54 patients) or 3.0T (for 130 patients). Pregadolinium and postgadolinium-based contrast agent-enhanced T-1-weighted MRI, T-2- and FLAIR T-2-weighted, and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) T-2* perfusion. Assessment We analyzed preoperative MRIs to establish the association between the maximum relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV(max)) at each habitat with OS. Moreover, the stratification capabilities of the markers to divide patients into "vascular" groups were tested. The variability in the markers between individual centers was also assessed. Statistical Tests Uniparametric Cox regression; Kaplan-Meier test; Mann-Whitney test. Results The rCBV(max) derived from the HAT, LAT, and IPE habitats were significantly associated with patient OS (P < 0.05; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05, 1.11, 1.28, respectively). Moreover, these markers can stratify patients into "moderate-" and "high-vascular" groups (P < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not find significant differences among most of the centers in markers (HAT: P = 0.02-0.685; LAT: P = 0.010-0.769; IPE: P = 0.093-0.939; VPE: P = 0.016-1.000). Data Conclusion The rCBV(max) calculated in HAT, LAT, and IPE habitats have been validated as clinically relevant prognostic biomarkers for glioblastoma patients in the pretreatment stage. This study demonstrates the robustness of the hemodynamic tissue signature (HTS) habitats to assess the GBM vascular heterogeneity and their association with patient prognosis independently of intercenter variability. Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.This work was partially supported by: MTS4up project (National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013-2016, No. DPI2016-80054-R) (to J.M.G.G.); H2020-SC1-2016-CNECT Project (No. 727560) (to J.M.G.G.) and H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020 (No. 825750) (to J.M.G.G.); M.A.T was supported by DPI2016-80054-R (Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I + D + i). The data acquisition and curation of the Oslo University Hospital was supported by: the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 (Grant Agreement No. 758657), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Grants 2017073 and 2013069, and the Research Council of Norway Grants 261984 (to K.E.E.). We gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan V GPU used for this research. E.F.G. was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 844646. Figure 1 was designed by the Science Artist Elena Poritskaya.Álvarez-Torres, MDM.; Juan-Albarracín, J.; Fuster García, E.; Bellvís-Bataller, F.; Lorente, D.; Reynés, G.; Font De Mora, J.... (2020). Robust association between vascular habitats and patient prognosis in glioblastoma: an international retrospective multicenter study. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 51(5):1478-1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.2695814781486515Louis, D. N., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G., von Deimling, A., Figarella-Branger, D., Cavenee, W. K., … Ellison, D. W. (2016). The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathologica, 131(6), 803-820. doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1Gately, L., McLachlan, S., Dowling, A., & Philip, J. (2017). 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Differentiation between vasogenic-edema versus tumor-infiltrative area in patients with glioblastoma during bevacizumab therapy: A longitudinal MRI study. European Journal of Radiology, 83(7), 1250-1256. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.03.02

Geographic mobility and social inequality among Peruvian university students

The purpose of this study was to explore geographic mobility among university students in Peru and to understand how mobility patterns differ by region and by demographic indicators of inequality. The ways that students may be able to move geographically in order to access quality higher education within the educational system can be a driver of equality or inequality, depending on who is able to take advantage. Using data from a university census, we examine how demographic indicators of inequality are related to geographic mobility for university attendance, how prior geographic mobility predicts later mobility for university attendance, and how these relationships differ based on the number and quality of universities in a region. Results show that sociodemographic variables related to social inequality explain a substantial amount of students\u27 postsecondary mobility. However, some of these relationships do not operate in the same way in all of the regions. Depending on the availability of universities and their quality, patterns of association between inequality and geographic mobility change. Implications for higher education policy as well as further research examining geographic mobility and inequality in education are discussed

Syndecan-4 Is Essential for Development of Concentric Myocardial Hypertrophy via Stretch-Induced Activation of the Calcineurin-NFAT Pathway

Sustained pressure overload leads to compensatory myocardial hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Further unraveling of the cellular processes involved is essential for development of new treatment strategies. We have investigated the hypothesis that the transmembrane Z-disc proteoglycan syndecan-4, a co-receptor for integrins, connecting extracellular matrix proteins to the cytoskeleton, is an important signal transducer in cardiomyocytes during development of concentric myocardial hypertrophy following pressure overload. Echocardiographic, histochemical and cardiomyocyte size measurements showed that syndecan-4−/− mice did not develop concentric myocardial hypertrophy as found in wild-type mice, but rather left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction following pressure overload. Protein and gene expression analyses revealed diminished activation of the central, pro-hypertrophic calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway. Cardiomyocytes from syndecan-4−/−-NFAT-luciferase reporter mice subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch, a hypertrophic stimulus, showed minimal activation of NFAT (1.6-fold) compared to 5.8-fold increase in NFAT-luciferase control cardiomyocytes. Accordingly, overexpression of syndecan-4 or introducing a cell-permeable membrane-targeted syndecan-4 polypeptide (gain of function) activated NFATc4 in vitro. Pull-down experiments demonstrated a direct intracellular syndecan-4-calcineurin interaction. This interaction and activation of NFAT were increased by dephosphorylation of serine 179 (pS179) in syndecan-4. During pressure overload, phosphorylation of syndecan-4 was decreased, and association between syndecan-4, calcineurin and its co-activator calmodulin increased. Moreover, calcineurin dephosphorylated pS179, indicating that calcineurin regulates its own binding and activation. Finally, patients with hypertrophic myocardium due to aortic stenosis had increased syndecan-4 levels with decreased pS179 which was associated with increased NFAT activation. In conclusion, our data show that syndecan-4 is essential for compensatory hypertrophy in the pressure overloaded heart. Specifically, syndecan-4 regulates stretch-induced activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway in cardiomyocytes. Thus, our data suggest that manipulation of syndecan-4 may provide an option for therapeutic modulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling

Whale, whale, everywhere: increasing abundance of western South Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in their wintering grounds

The western South Atlantic (WSA) humpback whale population inhabits the coast of Brazil during the breeding and calving season in winter and spring. This population was depleted to near extinction by whaling in the mid-twentieth century. Despite recent signs of recovery, increasing coastal and offshore development pose potential threats to these animals. Therefore, continuous monitoring is needed to assess population status and support conservation strategies. The aim of this work was to present ship-based line-transect estimates of abundance for humpback whales in their WSA breeding ground and to investigate potential changes in population size. Two cruises surveyed the coast of Brazil during August-September in 2008 and 2012. The area surveyed in 2008 corresponded to the currently recognized population breeding area; effort in 2012 was limited due to unfavorable weather conditions. WSA humpback whale population size in 2008 was estimated at 16,410 (CV = 0.228, 95% CI = 10,563–25,495) animals. In order to compare abundance between 2008 and 2012, estimates for the area between Salvador and Cabo Frio, which were consistently covered in the two years, were computed at 15,332 (CV = 0.243, 95% CI = 9,595–24,500) and 19,429 (CV = 0.101, 95% CI = 15,958–23,654) whales, respectively. The difference in the two estimates represents an increase of 26.7% in whale numbers in a 4-year period. The estimated abundance for 2008 is considered the most robust for the WSA humpback whale population because the ship survey conducted in that year minimized bias from various sources. Results presented here indicate that in 2008, the WSA humpback whale population was at least around 60% of its estimated pre-modern whaling abundance and that it may recover to its pre-exploitation size sooner than previously estimated.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

‘‘Beet-ing’’ the Mountain: A Review of the Physiological and Performance Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation at Simulated and Terrestrial Altitude

Exposure to altitude results in multiple physiological consequences. These include, but are not limited to, a reduced maximal oxygen consumption, drop in arterial oxygen saturation, and increase in muscle metabolic perturbations at a fixed sub-maximal work rate. Exercise capacity during fixed work rate or incremental exercise and time-trial performance are also impaired at altitude relative to sea-level. Recently, dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has attracted considerable interest as a nutritional aid during altitude exposure. In this review, we summarise and critically evaluate the physiological and performance effects of dietary NO3- supplementation during exposure to simulated and terrestrial altitude. Previous investigations at simulated altitude indicate that NO3- supplementation may reduce the oxygen cost of exercise, elevate arterial and tissue oxygen saturation, improve muscle metabolic function, and enhance exercise capacity/ performance. Conversely, current evidence suggests that NO3- supplementation does not augment the training response at simulated altitude. Few studies have evaluated the effects of NO3- at terrestrial altitude. Current evidence indicates potential improvements in endothelial function at terrestrial altitude following NO3- supplementation. No effects of NO3- supplementation have been observed on oxygen consumption or arterial oxygen saturation at terrestrial altitude, although further research is warranted. Limitations of the present body of literature are discussed, and directions for future research are provided