On the hereditary character of new strong variations of weyl type theorems

Berkani and Kachad [18], [19], and Sanabria et al. [32], introduced and studied strong variations of Weyl type Theorems. In this paper, we study the behavior of these strong variations of Weyl type theorems for an operator T on a proper closed and Tinvariant subspace W ⊆ X such that T n (X) ⊆ W for some n ≥ 1, where T ∈ L(X) and X is an infinite-dimensional complex Banach space. The main purpose of this paper is to prove that for these subspaces (which generalize the case T n (X) closed for some n ≥ 0), these strong variations of Weyl type theorems are preserved from T to its restriction on W and vice-versa. As consequence of our results, we give sufficient conditions for which these strong variations of Weyl type Theorems are equivalent for two given operators. Also, some applications to multiplication operators acting on the boundary variation space BV [0, 1] are given

Antonio E. Malaver a Rufino de Elizalde

Comunica resultados del escrutinio de la elección de convencionales del 24 de abril de 1870 e invita a la sesión preparatoria de la Convenció

Evaluación de la resistencia terramecánica a tres presiones laterales de cámara de un suelo ultisol de sabana del estado Monagas, Venezuela | Evaluation of the shear stresses under three camera lateral pressures of a Monagas state Ultisol savanna soil of Venezuela

Las presiones laterales de un suelo debido a cargas verticales o producto de las presiones del mismo, producen efectos en especial sobre las raíces. De acuerdo a Otto Mohr el límite de rotura de un material es determinado por las tensiones en el plano de deslizamiento. Se podría considerar que el crecimiento radical y la máxima tracción de los tractores son resultantes de la falla de Coulomb-Mohr de un elemento de suelo. Esto posiblemente conlleva a la simulación de un elemento de suelo bajo presiones laterales y verticales, al evaluar la falla de un espécimen de suelo en el equipo triaxial bajo presiones de cámaras constantes. El objetivo específico consiste en evaluar el esfuerzo de cizalleo (), el esfuerzo principal (1) y el ángulo de falla () a tres presiones de cámaras constantes de 60 kPa, 120 kPa y 180 kPa a diferentes niveles de humedad. En la metodología se utilizó el aparato triaxial para determinar a , 1,  y regresión para interpretar la proporción de la variancia entre los parámetros. Se concluye que el suelo resiste a la falla a medida que aumenta la presión de cámara ydisminuye inversamente proporcional a la humedad edáfica, el ángulo del plano de falla disminuye con la humedad, la resistencia del suelo aumenta proporcionalmente a las presiones de cámara y tiende a cero cuando la humedad se acerca al límite líquido, la tensión cortante se mantiene lineal en función del esfuerzo principal sin influencia de las presiones de cámara y el ángulo del plano de falla a la presión de cámara de 180 kPa disminuye exponencialmente con el aumento de la humedad y cae rápidamente al pasar más allá de la capacidad de campo de este suelo (11 a 13 %).Palabras clave: Cizalleo del suelo, tensión principal, presión de cámara, ángulo de fallaABSTRACTThe lateral pressures of a soil due to vertical loads or product of the pressures of the same one, produce effects especially on the roots. According to Otto Mohr the limit of failure of a material is determined by the tensions in the slip plane. One could consider that the radical growth and the maximum traction of tractors happen for effect of Coulomb-Mohr failure of a soil element. This bears to the possible simulation of a soil specimen under lateral and vertical pressures, when evaluating the failure of a soil specimen in the triaxial equipment under constant camera pressures. The specific objective consists on evaluating the shear stress (), the mayor stress (1) and the angle of failure () under three constant camera pressures of 60 kPa, 120 kPa and 180 kPa at different levels of humidity. In the methodology it was used the triaxial apparatus to determine, 1,  and regression to interpret the proportion of the variance among the parameters. On concludes that the soil resists the Coulomb-Mohr failure as the camera pressure increases and it diminishes inversely proportional to the soil humidity and that the angle of the failure plane diminishes with humidity, the resistance of the soil increases proportionally to the camera pressures and it tends to zero when the humidity comes closer to the liquid limit, the shear stress keeps lineal in function of the mayor stress without influence of the pressure cameras and the shear stress stays lineal in function of the vertical loadand the angle of the failure plane versus the chamber pressures of 180 kPa diminishes exponentially with the increase of the humidity and it falls quickly when passing beyond the field capacity of this soil (11 to 13%).Key words: Shearing of the soil, principal stress, chamber pressure, failure angl

Expanded parameters to assess the quality of honey from Venezuelan bees (Apis mellifera).

Hive samples from seven Venezuelan states were studied to determine the quality of honeys from the naturalized tropical honey bee Apis mellifera, submitted for a national honey competition. The physicochemical composition varied as follows: antibacterial activity as minimal inhibitory concentration for each of S. aureus and E. coli was 25.0-50.0 g/100 mL, antioxidant activity was 34.90-203.21 ?moles Trolox equivalents/100 g, ash was 0.03-0.13 g/100 g, diastase activity was 3.00-47.81 DN, flavonoids was 2.32-14.41 mg EQ/100 g, free acidity was 24.40-54.55 meq/kg, HMF was 17.70-631.73 mg/kg, moisture content was 17.2-20.2 g/100 g and nitrogen was 28.68-107.29 mg/100 g. Non aromatic organic acids, such as D-gluconic acid, was 13.5-69.3 g/kg, citric acid was 8.0-135.4 mg/kg, and malic acid was 11.2-60.9 mg/kg. Polyphenols were 38.15-182.10 mg EGA/100g, reducing sugars were 62.05-77.57 g/100 g, sucrose was 0.93-13.86 g/100 g, and vitamin C was 12.86-37.05 mg/100 g. Botanical origins of the nine honeys, determined by pollen analysis, indicate that these honeys often were derived from non-forest, non-native and weedy species. The results are a first step to better characterisation of honeys, and some of the parameters were determined for the first time in Venezuelan A. mellifera honey. They can be used for research, educational purposes, and to better understand market values, natural occurrence and chemistry of tropical honey harvested from Apis mellifera

Effect of ultrapure lipopolysaccharides derived from diverse bacterial species on the modulation of platelet activation

Platelets are small circulating blood cells that play essential roles in the maintenance of haemostasis via blood clotting. However, they also play critical roles in the regulation of innate immune responses. Inflammatory receptors, specifically Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, have been reported to modify platelet reactivity. A plethora of studies have reported controversial functions of TLR4 in the modulation of platelet function using various chemotypes and preparations of its ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The method of preparation of LPS may explain these discrepancies however this is not fully understood. Hence, to determine the impact of LPS on platelet activation, we used ultrapure preparations of LPS from Escherichia coli (LPSEC), Salmonella minnesota (LPSSM), and Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPSRS) and examined their actions under diverse experimental conditions in human platelets. LPSEC did not affect platelet activation markers such as inside-out signalling to integrin IIb3 or P-selectin exposure upon agonist-induced activation in platelet-rich plasma or whole blood whereas LPSSM and LPSRS inhibited platelet activation under specific conditions at supraphysiological concentrations. Overall, our data demonstrate that platelet activation is not largely influenced by any of the ultrapure LPS chemotypes used in this study on their own except under certain conditions

Ruxolitinib in refractory acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease : a multicenter survey study

Graft-versus-host disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. First-line treatment is based on the use of high doses of corticosteroids. Unfortunately, second-line treatment for both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, remains a challenge. Ruxolitinib has been shown as an effective and safe treatment option for these patients. Seventy-nine patients received ruxolitinib and were evaluated in this retrospective and multicenter study. Twenty-three patients received ruxolitinib for refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after a median of 3 (range 1-5) previous lines of therapy. Overall response rate was 69.5% (16/23) which was obtained after a median of 2 weeks of treatment, and 21.7% (5/23) reached complete remission. Fifty-six patients were evaluated for refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease. The median number of previous lines of therapy was 3 (range 1-10). Overall response rate was 57.1% (32/56) with 3.5% (2/56) obtaining complete remission after a median of 4 weeks. Tapering of corticosteroids was possible in both acute (17/23, 73%) and chronic graft-versus-host disease (32/56, 57.1%) groups. Overall survival was 47% (CI: 23-67%) at 6 months for patients with aGVHD (62 vs 28% in responders vs non-responders) and 81% (CI: 63-89%) at 1 year for patients with cGVHD (83 vs 76% in responders vs non-responders). Ruxolitinib in the real life setting is an effective and safe treatment option for GVHD, with an ORR of 69.5% and 57.1% for refractory acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, respectively, in heavily pretreated patients

Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on stroke and atrial fibrillation in diabetic kidney disease: Results from the CREDENCE trial and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-Analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-Analysis. RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: Total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms

Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups

Background: Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). Methods: In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. Results: Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction &gt;0.5 for each outcome). Conclusions: Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality