16 research outputs found
The Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones: Forecast Challenges, Current Understanding, and Future Directions
A significant number of tropical cyclones move into the midlatitudes and transform into extratropical cyclones. This process is generally referred to as extratropical transition (ET). During ET a cyclone frequently produces intense rainfall and strong winds and has increased forward motion, so that such systems pose a serious threat to land and maritime activities. Changes in the structure of a system as it evolves from a tropical to an extratropical cyclone during ET necessitate changes in forecast strategies. In this paper a brief climatology of ET is given and the challenges associated with forecasting extratropical transition are described in terms of the forecast variables (track, intensity, surface winds, precipitation) and their impacts (flooding, bush fires, ocean response). The problems associated with the numerical prediction of ET are discussed. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the processes involved in ET is presented. Classifications of extratropical transition are described and potential vorticity thinking is presented as an aid to understanding ET. Further sections discuss the interaction between a tropical cyclone and the midlatitude environment, the role of latent heat release, convection and the underlying surface in ET, the structural changes due to frontogenesis, the mechanisms responsible for precipitation, and the energy budget during ET. Finally, a summary of the future directions for research into ET is given
Climatologically based warning system against meteorological hazards and weather extremes: the example for Poland
Microbial Electrolysis Cells for High-yield Biohydrogen Production from Fermentable Substrates
Kougyo woodblock of Matsukaze
A significant number of tropical cyclones move into the midlatitudes and transform into extratropical cyclones.
This process is generally referred to as extratropical transition (ET). During ET a cyclone frequently produces
intense rainfall and strong winds and has increased forward motion, so that such systems pose a serious threat
to land and maritime activities. Changes in the structure of a system as it evolves from a tropical to an extratropical
cyclone during ET necessitate changes in forecast strategies. In this paper a brief climatology of ET is given
and the challenges associated with forecasting extratropical transition are described in terms of the forecast
variables (track, intensity, surface winds, precipitation) and their impacts (flooding, bush fires, ocean response).
The problems associated with the numerical prediction of ET are discussed. A comprehensive review of the
current understanding of the processes involved in ET is presented. Classifications of extratropical transition
are described and potential vorticity thinking is presented as an aid to understanding ET. Further sections discuss
the interaction between a tropical cyclone and the midlatitude environment, the role of latent heat release,
convection and the underlying surface in ET, the structural changes due to frontogenesis, the mechanisms
responsible for precipitation, and the energy budget during ET. Finally, a summary of the future directions for
research into ET is given.This paper arose from the First International Workshop on the Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones, held in Kaufbeuren, Germany, in May 1999. The workshop was generously supported by the World Meteorological Organization and the U.S. Office of Naval Research
Processes and electron flow in a microbial electrolysis cell bioanode fed with furanic and phenolic compounds
Anode acclimation methods and their impact on microbial electrolysis cells treating fermentation effluent
Hydrological Challenges in Meteorological Post-processing
Uncertainties in the hydrometeorological forecasting chain derive from a large number of sources and are inherent to any system. One source of uncertainty is the discrepancy between the meteorological forecasts and the weather which subsequently occurs. Post-processing meteorological forecasts can reduce this discrepancy by removing systematic errors and produce more reliable, corrected forecasts. However, when the corrected NWP output is used in hydrological applications, problems may occur where consistency and correlation between meteorological variables have not been maintained. Therefore a correction that improves the forecast performance of one or more NWP outputs does not necessarily have a positive influence on the hydrological model forecasts. In this chapter the most important needs of the hydrological community in terms of meteorological post-processing are presented. The most commonly used techniques for post-processing are presented along with the pros, cons, and pitfalls in terms of their usage in hydrological applications. Finally, a few important areas of future research are identified
Bioelectrochemical treatment of table olive brine processing wastewater for biogas production and phenolic compounds removal
MOESM1 of Development of a production chain from vegetable biowaste to platform chemicals
Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences and amplicon size for the 16S Illumina MiSeq