Lipid profile, cardiovascular disease and mortality in a Mediterranean high-risk population: the ESCARVAL-RISK study

The potential impact of targeting different components of an adverse lipid profile in populations with multiple cardiovascular risk factors is not completely clear. This study aims to assess the association between different components of the standard lipid profile with all cause mortality and hospitalization due to cardiovascular events in a high-risk population. Methods This prospective registry included high risk adults over 30 years old free of cardiovascular disease (2008±2012). Diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia or diabetes mellitus was inclusion criterion. Lipid biomarkers were evaluated. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and hospital admission due to coronary heart disease or stroke. We estimated adjusted rate ratios (aRR), absolute risk differences and population attributable risk associated with adverse lipid profiles. Results 51,462 subjects were included with a mean age of 62.6 years (47.6% men). During an average follow-up of 3.2 years, 919 deaths, 1666 hospitalizations for coronary heart disease and 1510 hospitalizations for stroke were recorded. The parameters that showed an increased rate for total mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke hospitalization were, respectively, low HDL-Cholesterol: aRR 1.25, 1.29 and 1.23; high Total/HDL-Cholesterol: aRR 1.22, 1.38 and 1.25; and high Triglycerides/HDL-Cholesterol: aRR 1.21, 1.30, 1.09. The parameters that showed highest population attributable risk (%) were, respectively, low HDL-Cholesterol: 7.70, 11.42, 8.40; high Total/HDL-Cholesterol: 6.55, 12.47, 8.73; and high Triglycerides/ HDL-Cholesterol: 8.94, 15.09, 6.92. Conclusions In a population with cardiovascular risk factors, HDL-cholesterol, Total/HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol ratios were associated with a higher population attributable risk for cardiovascular disease compared to other common biomarkers

Effect of the seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera and a formulated diet on growth and fatty acid composition in the green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, under commercial culture conditions

The effect of a formulated diet (FD), a seaweed diet (SW), and a mixture of both (FD + SW) on growth, Survival rate, and fatty acid content in the tissue of juvenile Haliotis fulgens abalone grown under commercial culture conditions, was analyzed over a 329-day period. Survival and growth rate in terms of length and weight were different with each of the diets evaluated, being significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the mixed diet (ED + SW), followed by SW and FD. Since feed intake was not evaluated in this preliminary study, differences in growth cannot be attributed to the dietary treatment

Effect of the seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera and a formulated diet on growth and fatty acid composition in the green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, under commercial culture conditions

The effect of a formulated diet (FD), a seaweed diet (SW), and a mixture of both (FD + SW) on growth, Survival rate, and fatty acid content in the tissue of juvenile Haliotis fulgens abalone grown under commercial culture conditions, was analyzed over a 329-day period. Survival and growth rate in terms of length and weight were different with each of the diets evaluated, being significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the mixed diet (ED + SW), followed by SW and FD. Since feed intake was not evaluated in this preliminary study, differences in growth cannot be attributed to the dietary treatment

Effect of triacylglycerols in formulated diets on growth and fatty acid composition in tissue of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens)

Isocalotic formulated diets containing four different sources of triacylglycerols (olive, corn, linseed and cod liver oils) at three levels (1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0%, total added dietary lipid = 5.0%) and a crude protein content of 37.5% to 39.9% were fed to juvenile green abalone (Haliotis fulgens). Growth and fatty acid composition of the muscle tissue were compared to that of abalone fed a reference diet that contained no added lipids (0.25% total lipids). After 75 days of culture in a flow-through system, no significant differences in growth were found among abalone fed the different oil types. Responses to different dietary levels of lipid were significantly different but not to sources of oils. Maximum growth was achieved at a 1.5% inclusion of oil sources. It appears that abalone have a great capacity to synthesize lipid from carbohydrate sources. Results also suggest that abalone are capable of desaturation and elongation of 18 C polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n - 3 and n - 6 family to 20:5n - 3 and 20:4n - 6. Synthesis of 22:6n - 3 from 20:5n - 3 is not reflected in the results. The lack of a growth response to the different levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) provided by the different oils included in the experimental diets may be due to an insufficient duration of the experiment to achieve an essential fatty acid deficiency. The relationship between fatty acid profiles of tissue and the diets fed to the abalone suggests that metabolic activity of the gut microflora is not a source of essential fatty acids. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Digestive physiology and metabolism of green abalone Haliotis fulgens from postlarvae to juvenile, fed three different diatoms

Growth, survival, digestive enzymes, ingestion rates, digestibility, fatty acid profile and energy budget were used to assess the nutritional quality of three diatoms as food for the first 3 months of age: Navicula incerta (NAV), Amphiprora paludosa (AMP), Nitzschia thermalis (NIT) and a combination of all three species (MIX). The highest growth was observed for postlarvae fed the MIX (51.37 mu m day(-1) and 0.578 +/- 0.1 mg day(-1)), but was not significantly different from the NAV treatments (46.60 +/- 3.4 gm day(-1) and 0.550 +/- 0.1 mg day(-1)). Abalone larvae, which are lecithotrophic organisms, seem to utilize proteins as a preferred energy substrate up to metamorphosis, since the relative lipid content increased from 15 to 30% from days 0 to 10. Thereafter, lipids are rapidly utilized and decreased to a level of 2% of the dry matter in the postlarvae whole soft tissue. Tissue fatty acid analysis indicated a similar trend among treatments, where relative fatty acid levels increased during the endogenous feeding period and started to decrease concomitant with the start of the exogenous feeding. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, reported on abalone tissue showed a similar trend, among treatments. Based on the results reported here, it can be concluded that the type of diatom is an important factor for growth, where a high lipid and low ash content could be important to improve the performance in terms of growth and survival, in combination to stimulate protease activity and therefore better digestibility. Last but not the least important, the use of monoculture with NAV will be of importance when culturing abalone postlarvae. The estimated energy budget, back calculated from the digestibility figures, indicates that abalone requires from 25 to 38 cal day(-1) g abalone(-1) for adequate growth. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Influence of binder type on leaching rate and ingestion of microbound diets by mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål), larvae

Microbound diets (MBD), composed of nutrients held within a matrix or binder, were shown to be readily ingested by larvae of the mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål). In an effort to improve experimental MBD developed for S. serrata larvae, this study determined the effects of various binders on estimated larval ingestion of MBD as well as their leaching rates. Microbound diets with the same dietary compositions were bound with either agar, alginate, carrageenan, gelatin or zein. All diets contained 14C-labelled rotifers and were fed to Zoea I, III, V larvae and megalopae. The 14C content of larvae fed 14C-labelled MBD for 2 h was used to estimate the relative ingestion rates of MBD. For all larval stages tested, the estimated mean larval ingestion of MBD did not differ significantly between binder types (P>0.05). Determination of the amount of 14C-labelled nutrient leaching from MBD bound with various binders after 30, 60 and 240 min of immersion showed that for all types of binders, 14C leaching occurred primarily within the first 30 min of immersion. Zein-bound MBD consistently showed the lowest numerical leaching rate among the five binders tested for all immersion periods examined, and the differences compared with other binders were often significant, particularly after 60 and 240 min of immersion. Larval feeding experiments showed that MBD prepared with binders showing higher rates of leaching were not utilized to a greater degree by S. serrata larvae. Furthermore, unnecessary leaching from MBD particles wastes dietary nutrients and is likely to impact on water quality. On this basis, our results suggest that because of its consistently lower leaching rates, zein is probably a more suitable binder for MBD developed for S. serrata larvae