Uma medida de impacto de políticas públicas de investimento na Ciência : análise de equidade e o uso de econometria com o modelo das diferenças em diferenças no universal e em bolsas de doutorado

O objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver método para calcular o Impacto de uma Política Pública de Financiamento em Ciência. Como diretriz, a metodologia foi concebida de forma que seja escalável a várias políticas públicas, transparente, que permita a comparação entre avaliações diferentes, tanto de forma longitudinal (entre políticas) quanto vertical (no tempo) e que seja adequada a usos frequentes e automatizados ou semiautomatizados. O método infere e mede a causalidade entre um dos diversos indicadores retirados do Currículo Lattes, comparando esse indicador entre duas distintas datas e levando-se em consideração o investimento realizado. Para isso, foi desenvolvido modelo quase-experimental de análise econométrica baseada no método das Diferenças em Diferenças, método recomendado pelo Banco Mundial, com o uso de múltiplas regressões lineares multivariadas. Para colocar o método em prática, foram baixados e tratados Currículos Lattes dos bolsistas do recorte, com o uso da linguagem Python e do banco de dados PostgreSQL, de modo que cada atributo em que “ANO” estivesse disponível, foi retirado um indicador, como por exemplo “Artigo Publicado” e “Orientação de Doutorado Concluída”. Para testar o método proposto, ele foi aplicado em duas distintas políticas públicas de investimento à ciência e os resultados estudados. No entanto, percebeu-se nesse processo a possibilidade de presença de misoginia no nas concessões do CNPq antes nunca detectada ou estudada. Dessa forma, essa misoginia também foi estudada, encontrando-se forte indicador de presença de discriminação sexual contra as mulheres, presente principalmente no valor financiado a menor para mulheres e no teto de vidro1 para cargos de alto status ou poder. Encontrou-se também que as principais agências de fomento federais (a CAPES e o CNPq) possuem impactos quase equivalentes em suas políticas de concessão de bolsas de doutorado e que o financiamento na Chamada Universal possui melhor custo-efetividade. Comprovou-se, portanto, que a ferramenta pode ser aplicada e que traz medida do impacto do investimento público em ciência, podendo ser amplamente adotada e até mesmo automatizada.The objective is to present a method to calculate the Impact of a Public Policy on Science Funding. As a guideline, the methodology was conceived in such a way that it is scalable to several public policies, transparent, allows comparison between different evaluations, both longitudinally (between policies) and vertically (in time) and adequate to frequent and automated or semi-automated uses. The method infers and measures the causality between one of the several indicators present in the Lattes Curriculum, comparing this indicator between two different dates and considering the investment made. For this, a quasi-experimental econometric model was developed based on the Differences in Differences method (which was recommended by the World Bank) with the use of multiple multivariate linear regressions. To put the method into practice, Lattes Curriculum were downloaded and treated, using the Python language and the PostgreSQL database, so that each attribute in which “YEAR” was available resulted in an indicator (such as “Article Published” and “Concluded Doctoral Orientation”). To test the proposed method, it was applied in two different public policies for investment in science and the results studied. However it was noticed in this process the possibility of misogyny in CNPq’s funding that had never been detected or studied before. Thus, this misogyny was also studied, finding a strong indicator of the presence of sexual discrimination against women mainly present in the amount financed at minus for women and in the glass ceiling for positions of high status or power. It was also found that the main federal funding agencies (CAPES and CNPq) have almost equivalent impacts on their policies for awarding doctoral scholarships, but that funding at Universal has an even greater impact. It was proved that the tool can be applied and that it measures the impact of public investment in science and can be widely adopted and even automated

Estudo Comparado sobre os Aspectos Legais dos Contratos Eletrônicos no Brasil

Este artigo analisa alguns aspectos da regulamentação do contrato eletrônico móvel no Brasil sob uma ótica comparada. O texto faz uma análise teórica dos ordenamentos jurídicos que influenciaram o direito contratual brasileiro. A primeira parte analisa a formação do contrato sob a ótica do direito civil. A seguir o artigo apresenta um estudo sob o regimento do Código de Defesa do Consumidor brasileiro para, a seguir, desenvolver o estudo específico das questões relacionadas aos contratos eletrônicos. Aspectos relacionados à aceitação, ao local do contrato e ao direito de arrependimento conferido pelo artigo 49 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor serão estudados ao final do texto

Downregulation of Tomato STEROL GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE 1 Perturbs Plant Development and Facilitates Viroid Infection

[EN] Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is a plant pathogen naturally infecting economically important crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here, we aimed to engineer tomato plants highly resistant to PSTVd and developed several S. lycopersicum lines expressing an artificial microRNA (amiRNA) against PSTVd (amiR-PSTVd). Infectivity assays revealed that amiR-PSTVd-expressing lines were not resistant but rather hypersusceptible to the viroid. A combination of phenotypic, molecular and metabolic analyses of amiRNAexpressing lines non-inoculated with the viroid revealed that amiR-PSTVd was accidentally silencing the tomato STEROL GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SlSGT1) gene, which caused late developmental and reproductive defects such as leaf epinasty, dwarfism or reduced fruit size. Importantly, two independent transgenic tomato lines each expressing a different amiRNA specifically designed to target SlSGT1 were also hypersusceptible to PSTVd, thus confirming that downregulation of SlSGT1 was responsible for the viroid hypersusceptibility phenotype. Our results highlight the role of SGTs in proper plant development and indicate that the unbalance of sterol glycosylation levels favors viroid infection most likely by facilitating viroid movement.Cisneros, AE.; Lisón, P.; Campos, L.; López-Tubau, JM.; Altabella, T.; Ferrer, A.; Daròs, J.... (2022). Downregulation of Tomato STEROL GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE 1 Perturbs Plant Development and Facilitates Viroid Infection. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac36113

Oral signs of intravenous chemotherapy with 5- Fluorouracil and Leucovorin calcium in colon cancer treatment

Several studies have shown how cytostatics may cause hypofunction of salivary glands but failed to elucidate any potentially related side effects. Keeping in mind the sialochemical assistance and the role of saliva on the homeostasis of the stomatognathic system, the aim of this study was to establish potential gland disorders in patients submitted to 5- Fluorouracil (5-Fu) and Leucovorin calcium(LV) as well as their correlation with certain oral health disorders that diminish the quality of life. Materials and methods: the focus of this research was observational and longitudinal. Twenty-five patients diagnosed with colon cancer at an initial, intermediate and late phase submitted to specifically devised therapy were assessed. Clinical history, oral health indexes and basal or stimulated saliva samples were recorded. Results: Basal and stimulated flow dropped in the intermediate stage. Stimulated saliva pH decreased during treatment. On basal saliva, urea, sodium and potassium rose during the intermediate phase. Löe and Silness rates as well as simplified bleeding increased during therapy but reverted by the end of the treatment. Depth index of the vestibular gingival sulcus rose during the intermediate phase but did not return. Conclusion: This treatment caused functional salivary gland disorders as evidenced by basal and stimulated hyposialia, and acidification of stimulated saliva pH during the intermediate phase. Increase in basal urea may be due to proteic catabolism arising from plasma or glands. Variation in Na+ and K+ of basal saliva concentrates might be assumed as a possible duct disorder. Recovery of bleeding and Löe and Silness rates may point to a transient inflammatory effect associated to a decrease in salivary flow. Increase in the depth rates of the periodontal vestibular sulcus could be correlated with a higher risk of periodontal disease

Clinical, Radiologic, and Functional Outcomes Following Methotrexate Withdrawal in Etanercept-Treated Patients with Active Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Subanalysis of COMET Year 2 by Week 52 DAS28 Status

Introduction: This post-hoc analysis explored Methotrexate (MTX) withdrawal on clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who previously received 52 weeks of Etanercept (ETN) + MTX treatment in the COMET study. Methods: Response at week 104 was analyzed based on the attainment of remission (28-joint disease activity score [DAS28] <2.6; Boolean); low disease activity (LDA; 2.6 ≤DAS28 ≤3.2); normal Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score (≤0.5); or radiographic non-progression (change in modified Total Sharp Score ≤0.5). Results: Of 208 patients with baseline DAS28 scores at week 52, 105 received ETN + MTX and 103 received ETN over weeks 52-104 (Period 2). At week 104, rates of LDA (70% vs 67%), remission (59% vs 52%), and normal HAQ-DI (63% vs 61%) were similar in both arms; week 52 responders also had a higher response rate at week 104 irrespective of treatment during Period 2. Overall rates of radiographic non-progression were higher for ETN + MTX (90%) vs ETN (74%) at week 104; week 52 non-responders in the Period 2 ETN + MTX arm had a 21-27% higher rate vs ETN, while the treatment difference was 11-12% for week 52 responders. Conclusion: The data suggest that for responders to ETN + MTX at week 52, MTX may be safely withdrawn. For non-responders where de-escalation would not be considered, the continuation of the combination is advisable. Radiological outcome was numerically worse, but of uncertain clinical significance

The use of GIS and Multi-Criteria evaluation (MCE) to determine scenarios of potential floodings in fluvial basins : study case: cuenca Guanabo, Habana city

El trabajo muestra la potencialidad que presentan los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) y la evaluación multicriterio (EMC), para determinar con precisión, la cartografía de las zonas susceptibles al desarrollo de inundaciones recurrentes en cuencas fluviales. La capacidad de análisis y manejo de la información espacial que poseen los SIG en la actualidad, conjuntamente con el procesamiento estadístico apoyados en el uso de la EMC, permiten cuantificar factores del medio natural y establecer grados de adecuación, reduciendo la subjetividad durante el procesamiento analítico. Las zonas susceptibles determinadas con el empleo de esta metodología se comparó con estudios anteriores y los resultados presentan una buena coincidencia espacial aunque ésta mejora en precisión cartográfica. Sin duda los resultados obtenidos constituyen valiosas herramientas de gestión, los cuales ayudan a la toma de decisiones en los territorios e incrementan el nivel de conocimiento para reducir los riesgos de desastres naturales.The work shows the potential that Geographic Information Systems and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (EMC) have, to determine accurately, the cartography of favorable areas to recurrent floods development in fluvial basins. The analysis and special information handling capacity that the SIGs have nowadays, together with statistic processing resting in the (EMC) use, make it possible to quantify natural resources factors and establish degrees of fitness, reducing subjectivity during analytic processing. The capable zones determined with the employment of this methodology were compared with previous studies and the result presents a good spatial coincidence though this one improves in cartographic precision. Certainly, the results obtained become valuable management tools that help territory decision making and increase knowledge level to reduce natural disasters risks.Fil: Olivera Acosta, Jorge. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: Morales, Gustavo Martín. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: García Rivero, Alberto E.. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: Salgado, Efrén Jaimez. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: López, Martin Luis. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: Estrada, Reinaldo. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: Campos Dueñas, Mario. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambienteFil: Miravet, Bárbara Liz. La Habana (Cuba). Agencia de medio ambient

Hidrogeles multicomponentes basados en vinilpirrolidona y su aplicación en ingeniería de tejidos y/o medicina regenerativa

Hidrogel con estructura de red polimérica multicomponente entrecruzada, caracterizado porque comprende: a) unidades derivadas de vinilpirrolidona (V) y unidades derivadas de un monómero alquénico aniónico o anionizable (A), donde las relaciones de reactividad en copolimerización radical binaria de (V) y (A) tienen valores máximo y mínimo de 0.5 respectivamente; y b) unidades derivadas de al menos un entrecruzante; siempre que el o los entrecruzantes sean i) dos entrecruzantes E1 y E2, donde E1 presenta homología al menos parcial respecto a (A) y E2 presenta homología al menos parcial respecto a (V); o ii) un entrecruzante E3 que presenta homología respecto a (A) y (V). Procedimiento de obtención del mencionado hidrogel que comprende poner en contacto los monómeros (A) y (V) con los entrecruzantes E1 y E2, o el entrecruzante E3, en condiciones de polimerización radicalaria. Uso del hidrogel en aplicaciones biológicas, biomédicas o biotecnológicas que requieran una interacción no tóxica hidrogel-célula.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Complutense de MadridB1 Patente sin examen previ

Relationship and conflicts in distribution channels: a study in agricultural input industry

Neste artigo, discutem-se a existência e as conseqüências dos conflitos em canais de distribuição. Além de trazerem-se os principais tipos de conflitos e formas de minimizá-los, pretende-se relacionar o nível de conflitos, primeiro com o nível de satisfação do distribuidor e segundo com o nível de intenção de investir em ativos específicos para aumentar o comprometimento com um fornecedor em particular. Questionários foram aplicados em 122 distribuidores de insumos agrícolas, quando informações quantitativas e qualitativas foram coletadas. Como resultado, o nível de satisfação do canal varia significantemente conforme a variação do nível de conflito, com relacionamento conforme sugerido pelos autores. O mesmo não pode ser dito em relação ao nível de investimentos em ativos específicos no relacionamento com o fornecedor, relacionado ao nível de conflito.En este artículo se discuten la existencia y las consecuencias de los conflictos en canales de distribución. Se exponen los tipos principales de conflictos y las formas de minimizarlos. Asimismo, se pretende relacionar el nivel de conflictos, en primer lugar, con el grado de satisfacción del distribuidor, y en segundo con su intención de invertir en activos específicos para aumentar el compromiso con un proveedor en particular. Se aplicaron cuestionarios en 122 distribuidores de insumos agrícolas y se recogieron informaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas. Como resultado, el nivel de satisfacción del canal varía significativamente según el nivel del conflicto, conforme lo sugerido por los autores. Lo mismo no se puede decir en lo referente al nivel de inversiones en activos específicos en la relación con el proveedor, en vista del nivel de conflicto.This paper discusses the existence and the consequences of conflicts in marketing channels. The paper describes the main types of conflicts and the ways of minimizing them. Also, it is intended to relate the level of conflicts, first to the satisfaction of a distributor and second to his intention to invest in specific assets in order to increase his commitment to a particular supplier. Questionnaires were applied on 122 agricultural input distributors, when qualitative and quantitative information were collected. The results show that the level of satisfaction varies significantly according to the level of conflict, behaving as hypothesized by the authors. The same could not be said to which concerns to the level of investment in specific assets in the relationship with the supplier, considering the level of conflict