El panfleto de don Juan de Mongastón sobre las brujas de Zugarramurdi (Auto de Fe de Logroño de 1610), editado en 1611: ¿documento histórico o literatura?

: El presente artículo se centra en el panfl eto que el impresor Juan de Mongastón editó en 1611 sobre el Auto de Fe de Logroño de 1610 y que incluye una relación dedicada a los actos y crímenes de los brujos/as juzgados los días 7 y 8 de noviembre. Este trabajo defi ende que dicha relación, de un interés histórico innegable, ha de ser abordada desde una perspectiva literaria, pues, como se demostrará, en realidad es un texto muy literario, aunque nunca se haya analizado desde dicho prisma. Para justifi car estas afi rmaciones nos apoyaremos en la conexión que establecen entre brujería y literatura Francisco Rico y José Miguel Barandiarán, y en la corriente de interpretación narrativa de la brujería (Dolan, Rowland, Rowlands, Gibson, Clark, Rushton, Gaskill, Purkiss y Gentilcore); así como en las aportaciones de Caro Baroja, Henningsen, Azurmendi y Dueso sobre las conocidas como “brujas de Zugarramurdi”.This article focuses on the pamphlet printed by Juan de Mongastón in 1611 about Logroño’s Auto de Fe (1610) and its special emphasis on the witches judged on 7 and 8 November. This paper maintains that this pamphlet, which is of undeniable historical interest, must be approached from a literary perspective, since, as will be shown, it is actually a literary text, although it has never been viewed from that perspective. To justify these claims we will rely on the connection established by Francisco Rico and José Miguel Barandiarán, and the current narrative interpretation of witchcraft (Dolan, Rowland, Rowlands, Gibson, Clark, Rushton, Gaskill, Purkiss and Gentilcore) as well as contributions by Caro Baroja, Henningsen, Dueso and Azurmendi about the “Zugarramurdi’s Witches”

Magnetic interactions in thiazyl-based magnets: The role of the charge and spin densities

The crystal structure of the organic radical p-O2NC6F4CNSSN was determined at 20 K through a single-crystal neutron-diffraction experiment. It crystallises in the tetragonal space group P41212, unchanged from a previous single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment at 220 K although there are some changes in molecular geometry and intermolecular contacts arising from the contraction of the unit cell. Polarized neutron diffraction at 1.5 K revealed that the spin distribution is predominantly localised on the N and S atoms of the heterocyclic ring with a small negative spin density on the heterocyclic C atom. Spin populations determined using a multipolar analysis were -0.06, +0.25 and +0.28 on the C, N and S sites, respectively. These spin populations are in excellent agreement with both ab-initio DFT calculations (spin populations on the C, N and S sites of -0.07, 0.22 and 0.31, respectively) and cw-EPR studies which estimated the spin population on the N site as 0.24. The DFT calculated spin density revealed less than 1% spin delocalisation onto the perfluoroaryl ring, several orders of magnitude lower than the density on the heterocyclic ring. cw-ENDOR studies at both X-band (9 GHz) and Q-band (34 GHz) frequencies probed the spin populations at the two chemically distinct F atoms. These spin populations on the F atoms ortho and meta to the dithiadiazolyl ring are of magnitude 10-3 and 10-4 respectively. Additional high-resolution single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies at 100 K analysed within the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) framework gave detailed information on the charge density distributio

A new set of DNA macrochips for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: features and uses

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been widely used for the implementation of DNA chip technologies. For this reason and due to the extensive use of this organism for basic and applied studies, yeast DNA chips are being used by many laboratories for expression or genomic analyses. While membrane arrays (macroarrays) offer several advantages, for many laboratories they are not affordable. Here we report that a cluster of four Spanish molecular-biology yeast laboratories, with relatively small budgets, have developed a complete set of probes for the genome of S. cerevisiae. These have been used to produce a new type of macroarray on a nylon surface. The macroarrays have been evaluated and protocols for their use have been optimized. [Int Microbiol 2004; 7(3):199-206

EGR-2 Is Not Required for In Vivo CD4 T Cell Mediated Immune Responses

Background: The zinc finger transcription factor EGR-2 has been shown to play an important role in the induction of T cell anergy and the regulation of peripheral T cell tolerance. In vitro, a prior study has show that T cells deficient in EGR-2 are hyperproliferative to IL-2 and produce elevated levels of the effector cytokine IFN-c. EGR-2 deficient mice have increased levels of CD44 high T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, and with age, develop autoimmune-like features. Principal Findings: Here we show that despite increased numbers of cells bearing an activated CD44 high CD62L low phenotype, T cells from young healthy EGR-2 deficient mice have normal proliferative and cytokine responses, and the mice themselves mount normal immune responses against minor histocompatibility antigens, and the pathogens Toxoplasma gondii and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Conclusions: Our results indicate that EGR-2 is not required to mount normal acute in vivo immune responses against foreign antigens, and suggest instead that it may serve to regulate the response to chronic antigenic exposure, such as tha

The Ras/MAPK Pathway Is Required for Generation of iNKT Cells

iNKT cells derive from CD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes, and are selected by thymocyte-thymocyte interactions through signals from their invariant Vα14-Jα18 TCR and from the costimulatory molecules SLAMF1 and SLAMF6. Genetic studies have demonstrated the contribution of different signaling pathways to this process. Surprisingly, current models imply that the Ras/MAPK pathway, one of the critical mediators of conventional αβ T cell positive selection, is not necessary for iNKT cell development. Using mice defective at different levels of this pathway our results refute this paradigm, and demonstrate that Ras, and its downstream effectors Egr-1 and Egr-2 are required for positive selection of iNKT cells. Interestingly our results also show that there are differences in the contributions of several of these molecules to the development of iNKT and conventional αβ T cells

Leading indicators of fiscal distress: evidence from extreme bounds analysis

Early warning systems (EWSs) are widely used to assess a country’s vulnerability to fiscal distress. A fiscal distress episode is identified as a period when government experiences extreme funding difficulties. Most EWSs employ a specific set of only fiscal leading indicators predetermined by the researchers, which casts doubt on their robustness. We revisit this issue using extreme bounds analysis, which allows identifying robust leading indicators of fiscal distress from a large set. A robust leading indicator’s effect does not strongly depend on the model specification. Consistent with the theoretical predictions of latest generation crisis models, we find that both fiscal and non-fiscal leading indicators are robust. In addition, we find that a fiscal vulnerability indicator based on fiscal and non-fiscal leading indicators offers a 29% gain in predictive power compared to a traditional one based only on fiscal leading indicators. This suggests that both fiscal and non-fiscal leading indicators should be taken into account when assessing country’s vulnerability to fiscal distress

Sequential Anisotropic Multichannel Wiener Filtering with Rician Bias Correction Applied to 3D Regularization of DWI Data

It has been shown that the tensor calculation is very sensitive to the presence of noise in the acquired images, yielding to very low-quality Diffusion Tensor Images (DTI) data. Recent investigations have shown that the noise present in the Diffusion Weighted Images (DWI) causes bias effects on the DTI data which cannot be corrected if the noise characteristic is not taken into account. One possible solution is to increase the minimum number of acquired measurements (which is 7) to several tens (or even several hundreds). This has the disadvantage of increasing the acquisition time by one (or two) orders of magnitude, making the process inconvenient for a clinical setting. We here proposed a turn-around procedure for which the number of acquisitions is maintained but, the DWI data are filtered prior to determining the DTI. We show a significant reduction on the DTI bias by means of a simple and fast procedure which is based on linear filtering; well- known drawbacks of such filters are circumvented by means of anisotropic neighborhoods and sequential application of the filter itself. Information of the first order probability density function of the raw data, namely, the Rice distribution, is also included. Results are shown both for synthetic and real datasets. Some error measurements are measured in the synthetic experiments, showing how the proposed scheme is able to reduce them. It is worth noting a 50% increase in the linear component for real DTI data, meaning that the bias in the DTI is considerably reduced. A novel fiber smoothness measure is defined to evaluate the resulting tractography for real DWI data. Our findings show that after filtering fibers are considerably smoother on the average. Execution times are very low as compared to other reported approaches which allows for a real-time implementation

Advances in infrastructures and tools for multiagent systems

In the last few years, information system technologies have focused on solving challenges in order to develop distributed applications. Distributed systems can be viewed as collections of service-provider and ser vice-consumer components interlinked by dynamically defined workflows (Luck and McBurney 2008).Alberola Oltra, JM.; Botti Navarro, VJ.; Such Aparicio, JM. (2014). Advances in infrastructures and tools for multiagent systems. Information Systems Frontiers. 16:163-167. doi:10.1007/s10796-014-9493-6S16316716Alberola, J. M., Búrdalo, L., Julián, V., Terrasa, A., & García-Fornes, A. (2014). An adaptive framework for monitoring agent organizations. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(2). doi: 10.1007/s10796-013-9478-x .Alfonso, B., Botti, V., Garrido, A., & Giret, A. (2014). A MAS-based infrastructure for negotiation and its application to a water-right market. 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De facto exchange rate regime classifications: an evaluation

There exist several statistically-based exchange rate regime classifications that disagree with one another to a disappointing degree. To what extent is this a matter of the quality of the design of these schemes, and to what extent does it reflect the need to supplement statistics with other information (as is done in the IMF’s de facto classification)? It is shown that statistical methods are good at the basics (distinguishing some type of peg from some type of float), but less helpful in other respects, such as determining whether a float is managed, particularly for countries that are not very remote from their main trading partners. Different measures of exchange rate volatility have been used but are not primarily responsible for differences between classifications. The theoretical underpinning of particular classification schemes needs to be more explicit