Pigs and cattle in Gaul: the role of Gallic societies in the evolution of husbandry practices

In this article we present a comparative study of pig and cattle morphologies, and stable isotope analysis relating to pig demographic management at Levroux Les Arènes (Indre, France), to evaluate changes in husbandry practices between the Iron Age and the Roman period in Gallic societies. Results indicate the establishment of new production and distribution structures, probably before the second century BC, along with the implementation of a specific size/weight selection for the specialized production of pork. Pig and cattle size evolves progressively from the end of the third century BC. These changes are likely to be the result of an internal evolution within Gallic societies, based on local herds, but possibly they are a response to a broader changing economic climate. Within the Western Roman Empire, each province, and Italy, follows its own evolutionary pattern, which also differs between pig and cattle, suggesting that each region adapted its husbandry strategies according to its agro-pastoral characteristics, capacities, or ambitions

Bœufs gaulois et bœufs français : morphologies animales et dynamiques économiques au cours de La Tène et des périodes historiques

International audienceFor more than 50 years, European and French zooarchaeologists have been producing and publishing more and more data and studies related to livestock morphology. These data drive our global understanding of economic patterns and how they change over time. Due to the huge mass of information deriving from cattle remains, such debates often revolve around this species. This article offers an overview of knowledge on this particular topic. Moreover, based on an important unpublished corpus of osteometric data, it provides new insights into changes in cattle morphology and their historical implications in France, from Neolithic to modern times. From the first decrease in livestock size as a consequence of domestication, to growth between the Iron Age and the Roman period, and small individuals during the Middle Ages to the heavy Charolais breeds currently grazing in ourpastures, this study aims to link cattle morphology and economic variations in order to improve our vision of French pastoral history, based on archaeozoological remains. This article deals with a vast chronological duration, but focuses mainly on the Gallic and Roman periods. The results outline a new image of agricultural dynamics during the La Tène period, and of the organization of Gallic territory until the first centuries AD.Depuis plus de 50 ans, dans le domaine de l’archéozoologie française et européenne, les études et les données relatives à la taille des animaux domestiques s’accumulent de manière importante. Elles nourrissent notre compréhension globale des modèles économiques et de leur évolution au cours du temps. Le boeuf, par l’abondance du matériel qu’il fournit, se trouve bien souvent au coeur de la réflexion. Cet article propose une synthèse des acquis sur le sujet. En outre, à partir d’un corpus inédit de nombreuses valeurs ostéométriques, il apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les fluctuations morphologiques bovines et leurs implications historiques, en France, du Néolithique à nos jours. Depuis la chute de taille initiale de l’animal domestiqué, en passant par sa croissance laténienne et romaine, sa réduction de format au Moyen Âge, jusqu’aux lourds Charolais qui paissent aujourd’hui dans nos champs, le travail présenté tend à lier les formats bovins aux variations économiques pour une lecture plus précise de l’histoire pastorale française à l’aide du matériel osseux. Si la démarche engagée tend à embrasser la chronologie la plus vaste possible, les périodes gauloise et romaine font l’objet d’une attention particulière. Les résultats obtenus offrent une vision neuve des dynamiques agricoles au cours de La Tène et de l’organisation du territoire gaulois jusqu’aux premiers siècles de notre ère

Diversité des cheptels et diversification des morphotypes bovins dans le tiers nord-ouest des Gaules entre la fin de l’âge du Fer et la période romaine

International audienceIt is assumed that in the Roman West we see the development of taller and more robust domestic animals than during Iron Age but great uncertainties remain concerning the process that led to these transformations. This paper is a contribution to a better understanding of these modifications. From a large bone assemblage (about 12,000 pieces, that is to say more than 50,000 measurements) taken from 85 towns in Belgium and in the third north-western France, an osteometric research has been conducted on one species (essentially based on the Log Size Index method): cattle. Results highlighted new features in the characteristics of Celtic and Roman herds. The first one shows the heterogeneity of the indigenous livestock with strong variations according to geographical areas. Some civitates have herds of high stature animals while others raised smaller ones. The other information lies in the diversity of the dynamics of appearance and diffusion of large bovids. Each territory acted differently to these transformations, according to its degree of assimilation, resources at its disposal, soil quality or agrarian culture, showing distinct evolutions in the size of the animals as in their morphology.S'il est admis que, dans les provinces occidentales de l'Empire, la période romaine est le théâtre du développement d'animaux domestiques plus grands et plus robustes qu'à l'époque gauloise, de fortes incertitudes persistent quant aux processus ayant amené les changements observés. Cet article se propose donc de contribuer à mieux les comprendre. À partir d'un important corpus d'os (près de 12 000 pièces, soit plus de 50 000 mesures), tiré de 85 communes de Belgique et du tiers nord-ouest de la France, un travail ostéométrique (basé essentiellement sur la méthode du Log Size Index) a été mené sur une espèce : le boeuf. Les résultats mettent en lumière des aspects inédits des caractéristiques des troupeaux gaulois et romains. Le premier enseignement de cette étude est la mise en évidence de l'hétérogénéité du cheptel indigène qui présente de fortes variations selon les zones géographiques. Certaines cités présentent des troupeaux constitués d'animaux de hautes statures, tandis que d'autres utilisent des bêtes plus petites. L'autre information réside dans la diversité des dynamiques d'apparition et de diffusion des grands bovins. Chaque territoire, selon son degré d'assimilation des nouvelles techniques, selon les ressources disponibles, la qualité de son sol, ou sa culture agraire, a réagi de manière différente à ces transformations, révélant des évolutions distinctes tant du point de vue de la taille des bêtes que de leur morphologie

A lower bound for nodal count on discrete and metric graphs

According to a well-know theorem by Sturm, a vibrating string is divided into exactly N nodal intervals by zeros of its N-th eigenfunction. Courant showed that one half of Sturm's theorem for the strings applies to the theory of membranes: N-th eigenfunction cannot have more than N domains. He also gave an example of a eigenfunction high in the spectrum with a minimal number of nodal domains, thus excluding the existence of a non-trivial lower bound. An analogue of Sturm's result for discretizations of the interval was discussed by Gantmacher and Krein. The discretization of an interval is a graph of a simple form, a chain-graph. But what can be said about more complicated graphs? It has been known since the early 90s that the nodal count for a generic eigenfunction of the Schrodinger operator on quantum trees (where each edge is identified with an interval of the real line and some matching conditions are enforced on the vertices) is exact too: zeros of the N-th eigenfunction divide the tree into exactly N subtrees. We discuss two extensions of this result in two directions. One deals with the same continuous Schrodinger operator but on general graphs (i.e. non-trees) and another deals with discrete Schrodinger operator on combinatorial graphs (both trees and non-trees). The result that we derive applies to both types of graphs: the number of nodal domains of the N-th eigenfunction is bounded below by N-L, where L is the number of links that distinguish the graph from a tree (defined as the dimension of the cycle space or the rank of the fundamental group of the graph). We also show that if it the genericity condition is dropped, the nodal count can fall arbitrarily far below the number of the corresponding eigenfunction.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures; Minor corrections: added 2 important reference

On The Isoperimetric Spectrum of Graphs and Its Approximations

In this paper we consider higher isoperimetric numbers of a (finite directed) graph. In this regard we focus on the $n$th mean isoperimetric constant of a directed graph as the minimum of the mean outgoing normalized flows from a given set of $n$ disjoint subsets of the vertex set of the graph. We show that the second mean isoperimetric constant in this general setting, coincides with (the mean version of) the classical Cheeger constant of the graph, while for the rest of the spectrum we show that there is a fundamental difference between the $n$th isoperimetric constant and the number obtained by taking the minimum over all $n$-partitions. In this direction, we show that our definition is the correct one in the sense that it satisfies a Federer-Fleming-type theorem, and we also define and present examples for the concept of a supergeometric graph as a graph whose mean isoperimetric constants are attained on partitions at all levels. Moreover, considering the ${\bf NP}$-completeness of the isoperimetric problem on graphs, we address ourselves to the approximation problem where we prove general spectral inequalities that give rise to a general Cheeger-type inequality as well. On the other hand, we also consider some algorithmic aspects of the problem where we show connections to orthogonal representations of graphs and following J.~Malik and J.~Shi ($2000$) we study the close relationships to the well-known $k$-means algorithm and normalized cuts method

Dynamics of Barred Galaxies

Some 30% of disc galaxies have a pronounced central bar feature in the disc plane and many more have weaker features of a similar kind. Kinematic data indicate that the bar constitutes a major non-axisymmetric component of the mass distribution and that the bar pattern tumbles rapidly about the axis normal to the disc plane. The observed motions are consistent with material within the bar streaming along highly elongated orbits aligned with the rotating major axis. A barred galaxy may also contain a spheroidal bulge at its centre, spirals in the outer disc and, less commonly, other features such as a ring or lens. Mild asymmetries in both the light and kinematics are quite common. We review the main problems presented by these complicated dynamical systems and summarize the effort so far made towards their solution, emphasizing results which appear secure. (Truncated)Comment: This old review appeared in 1993. Plain tex with macro file. 82 pages 18 figures. A pdf version with figures at full resolution (3.24MB) is available at http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~sellwood/bar_review.pd

Development of potent and selective tissue transglutaminase inhibitors:their effect on TG2 function and application in pathological conditions

Potent-selective peptidomimetic inhibitors of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) were developed through a combination of protein-ligand docking and molecular dynamic techniques. Derivatives of these inhibitors were made with the aim of specific TG2 targeting to the intra- and extracellular space. A cell-permeable fluorescently labeled derivative enabled detection of in situ cellular TG2 activity in human umbilical cord endothelial cells and TG2-transduced NIH3T3 cells, which could be enhanced by treatment of cells with ionomycin. Reaction of TG2 with this fluorescent inhibitor in NIH3T3 cells resulted in loss of binding of TG2 to cell surface syndecan-4 and inhibition of translocation of the enzyme into the extracellular matrix, with a parallel reduction in fibronectin deposition. In human umbilical cord endothelial cells, this same fluorescent inhibitor also demonstrated a reduction in fibronectin deposition, cell motility, and cord formation in Matrigel. Use of the same inhibitor in a mouse model of hypertensive nephrosclerosis showed over a 40% reduction in collagen deposition

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

Infected pancreatic necrosis: outcomes and clinical predictors of mortality. A post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study

: The identification of high-risk patients in the early stages of infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is critical, because it could help the clinicians to adopt more effective management strategies. We conducted a post hoc analysis of the MANCTRA-1 international study to assess the association between clinical risk factors and mortality among adult patients with IPN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors of mortality. We identified 247 consecutive patients with IPN hospitalised between January 2019 and December 2020. History of uncontrolled arterial hypertension (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.135-15.882; aOR 4.245), qSOFA (p = 0.005; 95% CI 1.359-5.879; aOR 2.828), renal failure (p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.138-5.442; aOR 2.489), and haemodynamic failure (p = 0.018; 95% CI 1.184-5.978; aOR 2.661), were identified as independent predictors of mortality in IPN patients. Cholangitis (p = 0.003; 95% CI 1.598-9.930; aOR 3.983), abdominal compartment syndrome (p = 0.032; 95% CI 1.090-6.967; aOR 2.735), and gastrointestinal/intra-abdominal bleeding (p = 0.009; 95% CI 1.286-5.712; aOR 2.710) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. Upfront open surgical necrosectomy was strongly associated with the risk of mortality (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.912-7.442; aOR 3.772), whereas endoscopic drainage of pancreatic necrosis (p = 0.018; 95% CI 0.138-0.834; aOR 0.339) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.003; 95% CI 0.143-0.716; aOR 0.320) were found as protective factors. Organ failure, acute cholangitis, and upfront open surgical necrosectomy were the most significant predictors of mortality. Our study confirmed that, even in a subgroup of particularly ill patients such as those with IPN, upfront open surgery should be avoided as much as possible. Study protocol registered in ClinicalTrials.Gov (I.D. Number NCT04747990)