Alternatives in American Education: A Reader for Advanced ESL Students

This reader for Advanced ESL students presents current issues in American education, specifically alternatives in the educational system. It consists of eight reading dialogues, each followed by a short glossary, suggested comprehension and discussion questions, and suggested activities, both oral and written. The dialogues present each educational alternative, together with a historical perspective, basic information on pertinent legislation and surrounding controversies. The suggested comprehension questions (Comprehension) cover the essential points of the dialogues while the suggested discussion questions (Talk It Over) point up related issues which lend themselves to class discussion. Following the Comprehension and Talk It Over sections are suggested activities (Follow It Up) for students to enhance their understanding of the educational alternatives presented. Most of these activities require the students to take their study of these alternatives out of the classroom and textbook and into the community where these alternatives are being tried and tested. The Write It Down sections provide various opportunities for the students to engage in writing activities related to the issues discussed and explored in class and the community

A theoretical and experimental investigation of a deceleration probe for measurement of several properties of a droplet-laden air stream

Thesis (Sc.D.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1955.Vita. Appendix contains numerous pamphlets.Bibliography: leaves 99-100.by Jules L. Dussourd.Sc.D

Badbronn, Carola

Deux stations thermales en centre Alsace ont vu des heures de gloire, puis leur disparition. La distribution d’eau minérale fut à l’origine d’une forte concurrence commerciale entre les deux voisines. Seule Carola, l’eau de Ribeauvillé, survécut contre vents et marées. C’est l’histoire à rebondissements de ces deux stations qui fera notre propos : d’un thermalisme qui n’a pas su se développer à la victoire d’une eau incontournable en Alsace. Une histoire d’eau qui va du XVe siècle à nos jours.The rise and fall of two spas in central Alsace. The mineral water trade triggered off a long period of competition between the two neighbouring stations. Only Carola, produced in Ribeauvillé, survived adamantly. This article deals with the developments of the evolution of these two spas, how the poor management of one spa led to the inevitable victory of its competitor. A story of water from the 15th century to our time.Zwei Thermalstationen haben ihre Glanzzeit erlebt und sind anschließend verschwunden. Ursprung eines heftigen kommerziellen Konkurrenzkampfes zwischen den beiden Nachbarn war der Verkauf von Mineralwasser. Einzig Carola, das Wasser aus Ribeauvillé, hat alle Unbill überlebt. Worüber wir berichten, ist die nicht enden wollende Geschichte von Niedergängen und dem anschließenden Wiederaufleben dieser zwei Heilbäder: eines Bäderwesens, das nicht verstanden hat, sich im Schatten eines im Elsaß unvermeidlichen Sieges eines Wassers zu entwickeln. Eine Geschichte des Wassers, die im XV. Jahrhundert beginnt und in unserer Zeit noch nicht zu Ende ist

LOL2 and LOL5 loci control latex production by laticifer cells in Euphorbia lathyris

[EN] Laticifers are specialized plant cells capable of indefinite elongation that ramify extensively and are responsible for latex biosynthesis and accumulation. However, the mechanisms underlying laticifer cell differentiation, growth and production of latex remain largely unknown. In a search for mutants showing enhanced accumulation of latex we identified two LOT OF LATEX (LOL) loci in Euphorbia lathyris. lol2 and lol5 mutants show enhanced production of latex contained within laticifer cells. The recessive lol2 mutant carries increased biosynthesis of the plant hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and therefore establishes a genetic link between jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and latex production in laticifers. Instead, heightened production of latex in lol5 plants obeys to enhanced proliferation of laticifer cells. Phylogenetic analysis of laticifer-expressed genes in E. lathyris and in two other latex-bearing species, Euphorbia corallioides and Euphorbia palustris, allowed the identification of canonical JA responsive elements present in the gene promoter regions of laticifer marker genes. Moreover, we identified that the hormone JA functions not as a morphogen for laticifer differentiation but as a trigger for the fill out of laticifers with latex and the associated triterpenoids. The identification of LOL loci represents a further step towards the understanding of mechanisms controlling latex production in laticifer cells.This work was supported by Spanish MINECO (BFU2015 -68199 -R to P.V.) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2014/024 to P.V.).Castelblanque, L.; Balaguer Zamora, B.; Marti, C.; Orozco, M.; Vera Vera, P. (2018). LOL2 and LOL5 loci control latex production by laticifer cells in Euphorbia lathyris. 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A Latex Metabolite Benefits Plant Fitness under Root Herbivore Attack. PLOS Biology, 14(1), e1002332. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002332James, J., Tugizimana, F., Steenkamp, P., & Dubery, I. (2013). Metabolomic Analysis of Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Triterpenoid Production in the Medicinal Herb Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Molecules, 18(4), 4267-4281. doi:10.3390/molecules18044267Jefferson, R. A., Kavanagh, T. A., & Bevan, M. W. (1987). GUS fusions: beta-glucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. The EMBO Journal, 6(13), 3901-3907. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02730.xKonno, K. (2011). Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: Roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein. Phytochemistry, 72(13), 1510-1530. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.016Laosombut, T., Arreewichit, P., Nirapathpongporn, K., Traiperm, P., Kongsawadworakul, P., Viboonjun, U., & Narangajavana, J. (2016). Differential Expression of Methyl Jasmonate-Responsive Genes Correlates with Laticifer Vessel Proliferation in Phloem Tissue of Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 35(4), 1049-1063. doi:10.1007/s00344-016-9603-4Lescot, M. (2002). PlantCARE, a database of plant cis-acting regulatory elements and a portal to tools for in silico analysis of promoter sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 30(1), 325-327. doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.325Lewinsohn, T. M. (1991). The geographical distribution of plant latex. Chemoecology, 2(1), 64-68. doi:10.1007/bf01240668Lorenzo, O., Chico, J. M., Sánchez-Serrano, J. J., & Solano, R. (2004). JASMONATE-INSENSITIVE1 Encodes a MYC Transcription Factor Essential to Discriminate between Different Jasmonate-Regulated Defense Responses in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 16(7), 1938-1950. doi:10.1105/tpc.022319Mahlberg, P. G. (1961). EMBRYOGENY AND HISTOGENESIS IN NERIUM OLEANDER II. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NON-ARTICULATED LATICIFER. 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Plant defence theory re-examined: nonlinear expectations based on the costs and benefits of resource mutualisms

1.  General theories of plant defence often fail to account for complex interactions between the resources required for defence expression. For example, the carbon that is used for carbon-based defence is acquired using nutrient-rich photosynthetic pigments, while nutrient gain itself requires substantial carbon allocation belowground. We should therefore expect the expression of plant defence to reflect the tight linkage between carbon and nutrient gain, yet mechanistic studies linking resource gain with plant defence theory have been slow to emerge. 2.  The overwhelming majority of plants participate in nutrition mutualisms with fungal or bacterial symbionts. We propose the resource exchange model of plant defence (REMPD) in which the costs and benefits associated with nutrition mutualisms affect plant resource status and allocation to growth and defence. The model predicts quadratic relationships between mutualist abundance and expression of defence. Within plant genotypes, both plant biomass and defence expression are maximized at optimal nutrient exchange among mutualistic partners, and as a consequence, the two are positively associated. 3.  We tested the model by growing Asclepias syriaca , the common milkweed, with two mycorrhizal fungal species in nine fungal abundance treatments. Plant growth and defence traits and mycorrhizal colonization were quantified after 14 weeks of plant growth. Linear, quadratic, saturating and exponential decay models were fit to curves relating the proportion of root colonized by mycorrhizal fungi to plant traits, and compared using AICc. 4.  As predicted by our model, increasing colonization by Scutellospora pellucida produced quadratic responses in plant growth, latex exudation and cardenolide production. In contrast, Glomus etunicatum appeared to act as a parasite of A. syriaca , causing exponential decline in both plant growth and latex exudation. As predicted by our model, plant growth was positively correlated with all defences quantified. 5.   Synthesis . The REMPD combines cost–benefit analysis of mutualisms with plant resource acquisition strategies to predict the expression of plant defence. The effects of S. pellucida and G. etunicatum on defence expression differ; however, both provide support for the model and suggest that resource mutualisms affect the expression of defence in a predictable nonlinear fashion.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79195/1/j.1365-2745.2010.01755.x.pd

The Effect of Diet Quality and Wing Morph on Male and Female Reproductive Investment in a Nuptial Feeding Ground Cricket

A common approach in the study of life-history trade-off evolution is to manipulate the nutrient content of diets during the life of an individual in order observe how the acquisition of resources influences the relationship between reproduction, lifespan and other life-history parameters such as dispersal. Here, we manipulate the quality of diet that replicate laboratory populations received as a thorough test of how diet quality influences the life-history trade-offs associated with reproductive investment in a nuptial feeding Australian ground cricket (Pteronemobius sp.). In this species, both males and females make significant contributions to the production of offspring, as males provide a nuptial gift by allowing females to chew on a modified tibial spur during copulation and feed directing on their haemolymph. Individuals also have two distinct wing morphs, a short-winged flightless morph and a long-winged morph that has the ability to disperse. By manipulating the quality of diet over seven generations, we found that the reproductive investment of males and females were affected differently by the diet quality treatment and wing morph of the individual. We discuss the broader implications of these findings including the differences in how males and females balance current and future reproductive effort in nuptial feeding insects, the changing nature of sexual selection when diets vary, and how the life-history trade-offs associated with the ability to disperse are expected to differ among populations

Transgenerational Effects of Parental Larval Diet on Offspring Development Time, Adult Body Size and Pathogen Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster

Environmental conditions experienced by parents are increasingly recognized to affect offspring performance. We set out to investigate the effect of parental larval diet on offspring development time, adult body size and adult resistance to the bacterium Serratia marcescens in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies for the parental generation were raised on either poor or standard diet and then mated in the four possible sex-by-parental diet crosses. Females that were raised on poor food produced larger offspring than females that were raised on standard food. Furthermore, male progeny sired by fathers that were raised on poor food were larger than male progeny sired by males raised on standard food. Development times were shortest for offspring whose one parent (mother or the father) was raised on standard and the other parent on poor food and longest for offspring whose parents both were raised on poor food. No evidence for transgenerational effects of parental diet on offspring disease resistance was found. Although paternal effects have been previously demonstrated in D. melanogaster, no earlier studies have investigated male-mediated transgenerational effects of diet in this species. The results highlight the importance of not only considering the relative contribution each parental sex has on progeny performance but also the combined effects that the two sexes may have on offspring performance

The Tri-Trophic Interactions Hypothesis: Interactive Effects of Host Plant Quality, Diet Breadth and Natural Enemies on Herbivores

Several influential hypotheses in plant-herbivore and herbivore-predator interactions consider the interactive effects of plant quality, herbivore diet breadth, and predation on herbivore performance. Yet individually and collectively, these hypotheses fail to address the simultaneous influence of all three factors. Here we review existing hypotheses, and propose the tri-trophic interactions (TTI) hypothesis to consolidate and integrate their predictions. The TTI hypothesis predicts that dietary specialist herbivores (as compared to generalists) should escape predators and be competitively dominant due to faster growth rates, and that such differences should be greater on low quality (as compared to high quality) host plants. To provide a preliminary test of these predictions, we conducted an empirical study comparing the effects of plant (Baccharis salicifolia) quality and predators between a specialist (Uroleucon macolai) and a generalist (Aphis gossypii) aphid herbivore. Consistent with predictions, these three factors interactively determine herbivore performance in ways not addressed by existing hypotheses. Compared to the specialist, the generalist was less fecund, competitively inferior, and more sensitive to low plant quality. Correspondingly, predator effects were contingent upon plant quality only for the generalist. Contrary to predictions, predator effects were weaker for the generalist and on low-quality plants, likely due to density-dependent benefits provided to the generalist by mutualist ants. Because the TTI hypothesis predicts the superior performance of specialists, mutualist ants may be critical to A. gossypii persistence under competition from U. macolai. In summary, the integrative nature of the TTI hypothesis offers novel insight into the determinants of plant-herbivore and herbivore-predator interactions and the coexistence of specialist and generalist herbivores

Sadržaj

AG is supported by a NERC Independent Research Fellowship (NE/K009524/1).Insects are often chemically-defended against predators. There is considerable evidence for a group-beneficial element to their defences, and an associated potential for individuals to curtail their own investment in costly defence whilst benefitting from the investments of others, termed “automimicry”. Although females in chemically-defended taxa often lay their eggs in clusters, leading to siblings living in close proximity, current models of automimicry have neglected kin-selection effects, which may be expected to curb the evolution of such selfishness. Here we develop a general theory of automimicry that explicitly incorporates kin selection. We investigate how female promiscuity modulates intragroup and intragenomic conflicts over investment into chemical defence, finding that individuals are favoured to invest less than is optimal for their group, and that maternal-origin genes favour greater investment than do paternal-origin genes. We translate these conflicts into readily-testable predictions concerning gene-expression patterns and the phenotypic consequences of genomic perturbations, and discuss how our results may inform gene discovery in relation to economically-important agricultural products.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe