Note Sur L'Enracinement De L'Albumen D'Un Cycas

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Shared Oncogenic Pathways Implicated in Both Virus-Positive and UV-Induced Merkel Cell Carcinomas

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the skin whose molecular pathogenesis is not completely understood, despite the role that Merkel cell polyomavirus can play in 55e90% of cases. To study potential mechanisms driving this disease in clinically characterized cases, we searched for somatic mutations using whole-exome sequencing, and extrapolated our findings to study functional biomarkers reporting on the activity of the mutated pathways. Confirming previous results, Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative tumors had higher mutational loads with UV signatures and more frequent mutations in TP53 and RB compared with their Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive counterparts. Despite important genetic differences, the two Merkel cell carcinoma etiologies both exhibited nuclear accumulation of oncogenic transcription factors such as NFAT or nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), P-CREB, and P-STAT3, indicating commonly deregulated pathogenic mechanisms with the potential to serve as targets for therapy. A multivariable analysis identified phosphorylated CRE-binding protein as an independent survival factor with respect to clinical variables and Merkel cell polyomavirus status in our cohort of Merkel cell carcinoma patients.This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud-Carlos III (ISCIII); cofinanced by the European Union; (FEDER) (PI12/00357), and a Ramón and Cajal research program (MINECO; RYC-2013-14097) to JPV, Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and ISCIII grants (RD06/0020/0107, RD012/0036/0060) to MAP, and Coordinated Project of Excellence inter-Institutos de investigación acreditados institutes (ISCIII; PIE15/00081) to MAP. The Ramón and Cajal research program also supports IV. SD was supported by the Torres Quevedo subprogram (MICINN; PTQ-12-05391)

Variation of selfing rate and inbreeding depression among individuals and across generations within an admixed Cedrus population

[EN] We investigated the variation and short-term evolution of the selfing rate and inbreeding depression (ID) across three generations within a cedar forest that was established from admixture ca 1860. The mean selfing rate was 9.5%, ranging from 0 to 48% among 20 seed trees (estimated from paternally inherited chloroplast DNA). We computed the probability of selfing for each seed and we investigated ID by comparing selfed and outcrossed seeds within progenies, thus avoiding maternal effects. In all progenies, the germination rate was high (88-100%) and seedling mortality was low (0-12%). The germination dynamics differed significantly between selfed and outcrossed seeds within progenies in the founder gene pool but not in the following generations. This transient effect of selfing could be attributed to epistatic interactions in the original admixture. Regarding the seedling growth traits, the ID was low but significant: 8 and 6% for height and diameter growth, respectively. These rates did not vary among generations, suggesting minor gene effects. At this early stage, outcrossed seedlings outcompeted their selfed relatives, but not necessarily other selfed seedlings from other progenies. Thus, purging these slightly deleterious genes may only occur through within-family selection. Processes that maintain a high level of genetic diversity for fitness-related traits among progenies also reduce the efficiency of purging this part of the genetic load. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved. Guardar / Salir Siguiente >This work has been partially supported by Grant PPI-00-04 from the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain). We thank B Fady and E Klein as well as two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on a previous version of the paper. We acknowledge B Jouaud, W Brunetto, F Jean and H Picot for seed collection and processing and laboratory assistance, as well as P Brahic and staff from the Experimental Nursery of Aix-Les Milles for nursery cares.Ferriol Molina, M.; Pichot, C.; Lefevre, F. (2011). Variation of selfing rate and inbreeding depression among individuals and across generations within an admixed Cedrus population. Heredity. 106(1):146-157. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2010.451461571061Barret SH, Eckert CG (1990). Variation and evolution of mating systems in seed plants. In: Kawano S (ed). Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. Academic Press: London. pp 230–254.Benton TG, Plaistow SJ, Coulson TN (2006). Complex population dynamics and complex causation: devils, details and demography. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 273: 1173–1181.Bower AD, Aitken SN (2007). Mating system and inbreeding depression in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.). Tree Genet Genomes 3: 379–388.Byers DL, Waller DM (1999). 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For Ecol Manage 197: 181–189.Lande R (1988). Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241: 1455–1460.Ledig FT (1986). Heterozygosity, heterosis, and fitness in outbreeding plants. In: Soulé ME (ed). Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Ass: Sunderland. pp 77–104.Lee JK, Nordheim EV, Kang H (1996). Inference for lethal gene estimation with application in plants. Biometrics 52: 451–462.Lefèvre F, Fady B, Fallour-Rubio D, Ghosn D, Bariteau M (2004). Impact of founder population, drift and selection on the genetic diversity of a recently translocated tree population. Heredity 93: 542–550.Marquardt PE, Epperson BK (2004). Spatial and population genetic structure of microsatellites in white pine. Mol Ecol 13: 3305–3315.Morgante M, Vendramin GG, Rossi P (1991). Effects of stand density on outcrossing rate in two Norway spruce (Picea abies) populations. Can J Bot 69: 2704–2708.Mosseler A, Major JE, Simpson JD, Daigle B, Lange K, Park YS et al. (2000). Indicators of population viability in red spruce, Picea rubens. I. Reproductive traits and fecundity. Can J Bot 78: 928–940.Naydenov KD, Tremblay FM, Alexandrov A, Fenton NJ (2005). Structure of Pinus sylvestris L. populations in Bulgaria revealed by chloroplast microsatellites and terpenes analysis : provenance tests. Biochem Syst Ecol 33: 1226–1245.Neale DB, Adams WT (1985). The mating system in natural and shelterwood stands of Douglas-fir. Theor Appl Genet 71: 201–207.Notivol E, Garcia-Gil MR, Alia R, Savolainen O (2007). Genetic variation of growth rhythm traits in the limits of a latitudinal cline in Scots pine. Can J For Res 37: 540–551.O’Connell LM, Russell J, Ritland K (2004). Fine-scale estimation of outcrossing in western redcedar with microsatellite assay of bulked DNA. Heredity 93: 443–449.Parducci L, Szmidt AE, Madaghiele A, Anzidei M, Vendramin GG (2001). Genetic variation at chloroplast microsatellites (CpSSRs) in Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei and three neighboring Abies species. Theor Appl Genet 102: 733–740.Parraguirre-Lezama C, Vargas-Hernández JJ, Ramirez-Vallejo P, Ramirez Herrera C (2004). Mating system in four natural populations of Pinus greggii Engelm. Agrociencia 38: 107–119.Petit RJ, Hampe A (2006). Some evolutionary consequences of being a tree. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37: 187–214.Pichot C, Bastien C, Courbet F, Demesure-Musch B, Dreyfus P, Fady B et al. (2006). Déterminants et conséquences de la qualité génétique des graines et semis lors de la phase initiale de régénération naturelle des peuplements forestiers. In: 6e Colloque National du BRG ; La Rochelle 2006/10/02-04. Les Actes du Bureau des Ressources Génétiques 6: 277–297.Remington DL, O’Malley DM (2000a). Whole-genome characterization of embryonic stage inbreeding depression in a selfed loblolly pine family. Genetics 155: 337–348.Remington DL, O’Malley DM (2000b). Evaluation of major genetic loci contributing to inbreeding depression for survival and early growth in a selfed family of Pinus taeda. Evolution 54: 1580–1589.Restoux G, Silva DE, Sagnard F, Torre F, Klein E, Fady B (2008). Life at the margin: the mating system of Mediterranean conifers. Web Ecol 8: 94–102.Ribeiro MM, Mariette S, Vendramin GG, Szmidt AE, Plomion C, Kremer A (2002). Comparison of genetic diversity estimates within and among populations of maritime pine using chloroplast simple-sequence repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism data. Mol Ecol 11: 869–877.Ritland K, El-Kassaby YA (1985). The nature of inbreeding in a seed orchard of Douglas fir as shown by an efficient multi-locus model. Theor Appl Genet 71: 375–384.Ritland K, Travis S (2004). Inferences involving individual coefficients of relatedness and inbreeding in natural populations of Abies. 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22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne

Duchartre Pierre Etienne Simon, Duchartre Henri. 22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne. In: Rapport sur l'École pratique des hautes études, 1880-1881. 1880. pp. 137-140

Note sur des Feuilles de Senecio Sagittifolius aker

Volume: 39Start Page: 83End Page: 8

22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne

Duchartre Pierre Etienne Simon, Duchartre Henri. 22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne. In: Rapport sur l'École pratique des hautes études, 1881-1882. 1881. pp. 150-152

22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne

Duchartre Pierre Etienne Simon, Duchartre Henri. 22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne. In: Rapport sur l'École pratique des hautes études, 1882-1883. 1882. pp. 154-156

Biotherapies of erythropoietic porphyrias : cell therapy, gene therapy and pharmacological approach

Les porphyries érythropoïétiques (PE) : Porphyrie Erythropoïétique Congénitale -PEC- et Protoporphyrie Erythropoïétique -PPE- sont caractérisées par le déficit d’une des enzymes de la voie de biosynthèse de l’hème. Le traitement curatif des formes sévères de PE est la transplantation de moelle osseuse allogénique (TMOA). La PPE est parfois compliquée d’une insuffisance hépatique majeure nécessitant une greffe hépatique. Dans un modèle murin de PPE (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas), nous avons démontré l’apparition progressive de lésions hépatiques dès la 2ème semaine de vie. Une TMO précoce (nouveau-né) a permis de prévenir l’apparition de ces lésions hépatiques et de corriger la photosensibilité cutanée démontrant l’efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique pour les formes sévères de PPE. La thérapie génique par greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques autologues corrigées représente une alternative à la TMOA en l’absence de donneur HLA-compatible. Nous avons développé des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) à partir de cellules épidermiques issues de modèles murins de PE et d’un patient PEC. La correction génique a été obtenue par transfert du gène lentiviral (ferrochélatase ou uroporphyrinogène III synthase (UROS). La pluripotence des cellules iPS a été caractérisée in vitro par la formation de corps embryoïdes et in vivo par la formation de tératomes. In vitro, la correction métabolique a été obtenue après différenciation des cellules iPS humaines en progéniteurs hématopoïétiques. Enfin dans une dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche pharmacologique de la PEC. Nous avons montré que les mutations C73R et P248Q entraînaient une instabilité et une dégradation accélérée de l’UROS par la voie du protéasome. Le traitement de souris UrosP248Q par un inhibiteur du protéasome (Velcade®) a permis la correction de la photosensibilité cutanée. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le traitement des porphyries érythropoïétiques.Erythropoietic porphyrias (EP) : Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria -CEP- and Erythropoietic Protoporphyria -EPP-) are characterized by a deficit of one enzyme implicated in heme biosynthetic pathway. The curative therapy for severe cases of EP is an HLA-compatible Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). EPP is sometimes complicated by a major hepatic failure requiring hepatic graft. In a murine model of EPP (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas), we have demonstrated that hepatic lesions progressively appear 2 weeks after birth. Early BMT (in neonates) has made it possible to prevent hepatic lesions and correct skin photosensitivity, demonstrating the efficiency of this therapeutic approach in severe cases of EPP. The gene therapy by graft of corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells represents an alternative to BMT when HLA-compatible donors are lacking. We have developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from epidermic cells of murine models of EP and of one PEC patient. The gene correction was obtained by lentiviral gene transfer (ferrochelatase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase -UROS). The pluripotency of iPSC was characterized in vitro by the formation of embryoid bodies and in vivo by the formation of teratomas. In vitro, the metabolic correction was obtained after differentiation of human IPSC into hematopoietic progenitors. In the last part of this thesis, we have focused on a pharmacological approach of CEP. We have shown that C73R and P248Q mutations lead to instability and accelerated degradation of the UROS protein via the proteasome. Treating UrosP248Q mice with a proteasome inhibitor (Velcade®) has allowed the correction of skin photosensitivity. These works offer new prospects for the treatment of erythropoietic porphyrias

Biotherapies of erythropoietic porphyrias : cell therapy, gene therapy and pharmacological approach

Les porphyries érythropoïétiques (PE) : Porphyrie Erythropoïétique Congénitale -PEC- et Protoporphyrie Erythropoïétique -PPE- sont caractérisées par le déficit d’une des enzymes de la voie de biosynthèse de l’hème. Le traitement curatif des formes sévères de PE est la transplantation de moelle osseuse allogénique (TMOA). La PPE est parfois compliquée d’une insuffisance hépatique majeure nécessitant une greffe hépatique. Dans un modèle murin de PPE (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas), nous avons démontré l’apparition progressive de lésions hépatiques dès la 2ème semaine de vie. Une TMO précoce (nouveau-né) a permis de prévenir l’apparition de ces lésions hépatiques et de corriger la photosensibilité cutanée démontrant l’efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique pour les formes sévères de PPE. La thérapie génique par greffe de cellules souches hématopoïétiques autologues corrigées représente une alternative à la TMOA en l’absence de donneur HLA-compatible. Nous avons développé des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) à partir de cellules épidermiques issues de modèles murins de PE et d’un patient PEC. La correction génique a été obtenue par transfert du gène lentiviral (ferrochélatase ou uroporphyrinogène III synthase (UROS). La pluripotence des cellules iPS a été caractérisée in vitro par la formation de corps embryoïdes et in vivo par la formation de tératomes. In vitro, la correction métabolique a été obtenue après différenciation des cellules iPS humaines en progéniteurs hématopoïétiques. Enfin dans une dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une approche pharmacologique de la PEC. Nous avons montré que les mutations C73R et P248Q entraînaient une instabilité et une dégradation accélérée de l’UROS par la voie du protéasome. Le traitement de souris UrosP248Q par un inhibiteur du protéasome (Velcade®) a permis la correction de la photosensibilité cutanée. Ces travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le traitement des porphyries érythropoïétiques.Erythropoietic porphyrias (EP) : Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria -CEP- and Erythropoietic Protoporphyria -EPP-) are characterized by a deficit of one enzyme implicated in heme biosynthetic pathway. The curative therapy for severe cases of EP is an HLA-compatible Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). EPP is sometimes complicated by a major hepatic failure requiring hepatic graft. In a murine model of EPP (Fechm1Pas/Fechm1Pas), we have demonstrated that hepatic lesions progressively appear 2 weeks after birth. Early BMT (in neonates) has made it possible to prevent hepatic lesions and correct skin photosensitivity, demonstrating the efficiency of this therapeutic approach in severe cases of EPP. The gene therapy by graft of corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells represents an alternative to BMT when HLA-compatible donors are lacking. We have developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from epidermic cells of murine models of EP and of one PEC patient. The gene correction was obtained by lentiviral gene transfer (ferrochelatase and uroporphyrinogen III synthase -UROS). The pluripotency of iPSC was characterized in vitro by the formation of embryoid bodies and in vivo by the formation of teratomas. In vitro, the metabolic correction was obtained after differentiation of human IPSC into hematopoietic progenitors. In the last part of this thesis, we have focused on a pharmacological approach of CEP. We have shown that C73R and P248Q mutations lead to instability and accelerated degradation of the UROS protein via the proteasome. Treating UrosP248Q mice with a proteasome inhibitor (Velcade®) has allowed the correction of skin photosensitivity. These works offer new prospects for the treatment of erythropoietic porphyrias

22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne

Duchartre Pierre Etienne Simon, Duchartre Henri. 22. Laboratoire d'enseignement de la botanique à la Sorbonne. In: Rapport sur l'École pratique des hautes études, 1882-1883. 1882. pp. 154-156