Selection for Improved Saccharification Efficiency in Alfalfa Stems Assessed by Enzyme-Released Glucose

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has a high potential for sustainable bioethanol production, particularly because of its low reliance on N fertilizer (Samac et al. 2006). Genetic improvement for the accumulation of readily fermentable non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and the saccharification of structural carbohydrate (SC) could significantly increase ethanol conversion rate. Genetic gains for these traits are tributary to the availability of screening techniques for the precise identification of superior genotypes with increased potential for the production of fermentable carbohydrates. When assessing the genetic variability of parameters linked to cellulosic ethanol production (concentrations of NSC and SC), our results showed a large genetic variability within and among winter hardy- and biomass-type alfalfa cultivars (Duceppe et al. 2012). We also developed an efficient enzymatic assay to measure alfalfa stem degrade-ability, based on the quantity of glucose released by a customized commercially available enzyme cocktail. Despite its robustness, this test is labour intensive, thus limiting analytical capabilities. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was previously shown to successfully predict enzyme released glucose in corn stover (Lewis et al. 2010). This approach allowed us to screen a large number of lignified alfalfa stem samples and to identify superior genotypes. Our objective was to determine if it is possible to develop alfalfa cultivars with superior cell wall (CW) degradability

Npas4: Linking Neuronal Activity to Memory

Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are rapidly activated after sensory and behavioral experience and are believed to be crucial for converting experience into long-term memory. Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), a recently discovered IEG, has several characteristics that make it likely to be a particularly important molecular link between neuronal activity and memory: it is among the most rapidly induced IEGs, is expressed only in neurons, and is selectively induced by neuronal activity. By orchestrating distinct activity-dependent gene programs in different neuronal populations, Npas4 affects synaptic connections in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, neural circuit plasticity, and memory formation. It may also be involved in circuit homeostasis through negative feedback and psychiatric disorders. We summarize these findings and discuss their implications.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant MH091220-01

Influence of genomic variations on glanders serodiagnostic antigens using integrative genomic and transcriptomic approaches

Glanders is a highly contagious and life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei). Without an effective vaccine or treatment, early diagnosis has been regarded as the most effective method to prevent glanders transmission. Currently, the diagnosis of glanders is heavily reliant on serological tests. However, given that markedly different host immune responses can be elicited by genetically different strains of the same bacterial species, infection by B. mallei, whose genome is unstable and plastic, may result in various immune responses. This variability can make the serodiagnosis of glanders challenging. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding and assessment of how B. mallei genomic variations impact the appropriateness of specific target antigens for glanders serodiagnosis. In this study, we investigated how genomic variations in the B. mallei genome affect gene content (gene presence/absence) and expression, with a special focus on antigens used or potentially used in serodiagnosis. In all the genome sequences of B. mallei isolates available in NCBI’s RefSeq database (accessed in July 2023) and in-house sequenced samples, extensive small and large variations were observed when compared to the type strain ATCC 23344. Further pan-genome analysis of those assemblies revealed variations of gene content among all available genomes of B. mallei. Specifically, differences in gene content ranging from 31 to 715 genes with an average of 334 gene presence-absence variations were found in strains with complete or chromosome-level genome assemblies, using the ATCC 23344 strain as a reference. The affected genes included some encoded proteins used as serodiagnostic antigens, which were lost due mainly to structural variations. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using the type strain ATCC 23344 and strain Zagreb which has been widely utilized to produce glanders antigens. In total, 388 significant differentially expressed genes were identified between these two strains, including genes related to bacterial pathogenesis and virulence, some of which were associated with genomic variations, particularly structural variations. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to uncover the impacts of genetic variations of B. mallei on its gene content and expression. These differences would have significant impacts on host innate and adaptive immunity, including antibody production, during infection. This study provides novel insights into B. mallei genetic variants, knowledge which will help to improve glanders serodiagnosis

The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the basis of parasitism and virulence

BACKGROUND: The yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is a devastating plant pathogen of global economic importance. This biotrophic parasite secretes effectors from pharyngeal glands, some of which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer, to manipulate host processes and promote parasitism. G. rostochiensis is classified into pathotypes with different plant resistance-breaking phenotypes. RESULTS: We generate a high quality genome assembly for G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1, identify putative effectors and horizontal gene transfer events, map gene expression through the life cycle focusing on key parasitic transitions and sequence the genomes of eight populations including four additional pathotypes to identify variation. Horizontal gene transfer contributes 3.5 % of the predicted genes, of which approximately 8.5 % are deployed as effectors. Over one-third of all effector genes are clustered in 21 putative ‘effector islands’ in the genome. We identify a dorsal gland promoter element motif (termed DOG Box) present upstream in representatives from 26 out of 28 dorsal gland effector families, and predict a putative effector superset associated with this motif. We validate gland cell expression in two novel genes by in situ hybridisation and catalogue dorsal gland promoter element-containing effectors from available cyst nematode genomes. Comparison of effector diversity between pathotypes highlights correlation with plant resistance-breaking. CONCLUSIONS: These G. rostochiensis genome resources will facilitate major advances in understanding nematode plant-parasitism. Dorsal gland promoter element-containing effectors are at the front line of the evolutionary arms race between plant and parasite and the ability to predict gland cell expression a priori promises rapid advances in understanding their roles and mechanisms of action.SE-vdA is supported by BBSRC grant BB/M014207/1. Sequencing was funded by BBSRC grant BB/F000642/1 to the University of Leeds and grant BB/F00334X/1 to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute). DRL was supported by a fellowship from The James Hutton Institute and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh. GK was supported by a BBSRC PhD studentship. The James Hutton Institute receives funding from the Scottish Government. JAC and NEH are supported by the Wellcome Trust through its core funding of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (grant 098051). This work was also supported by funding from the Canadian Safety and Security Program, project number CRTI09_462RD

学会抄録

Genome annotation. (XLSX 9 kb

Protéome et bilan photosynthétique de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) en réponse au doryphore de la pomme de terre (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say)

Les plantes ont développé, au cours du temps, des mécanismes de protection leur permettant de survivre et de se développer en dépit des nombreux stress biotiques auxquels elles sont soumises. Cette thèse doctorale, en trois volets, visait à caractériser les réponses biochimiques et physiologiques de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum) attaquée par un insecte coléoptère, le doryphore de la pomme de terre (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Le premier volet du projet visait à caractériser l'impact de l'insecte sur le protéome foliaire de la plante, en utilisant comme modèle des plantes traitées avec des larves de doryphore, des plantes soumises à des blessures mécaniques et des plantes infestées par un insecte suceur, le puceron de la pomme de terre (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Le second volet visait à caractériser le protéome des sécrétions orales du doryphore, avec pour objectif de cerner l'incidence relative des protéines de l'insecte et de la plante hôte aux sites de blessure générés par l'herbivore. Le troisième et dernier volet visait, enfin, à déterminer l'impact des altérations du protéome foliaire de la plante sur ses capacités photosynthétiques, et à mettre en évidence l'impact possible des composantes moléculaires de la plante sur les réponses observées. En résumé, nos résultats ont démontré que plusieurs protéines des métabolismes primaire et secondaire, incluant des protéines associées à la photosynthèse, sont régulées dans les feuilles en réponse au doryphore de la pomme de terre. L'impact négatif de l'herbivore sur plusieurs protéines photosynthétiques, notamment celles du photosystème I, a toutefois des répercussions négligeables sur la capture de lumière par la plante. La seconde phase du processus photosynthétique, en revanche, est affectée de manière notable par le doryphore, vraisemblablement par l'action de molécules provenant aussi bien de l'insecte que de la plante elle-même. Ces résultats suggèrent, dans l'ensemble, un impact spécifique, mais limité du doryphore de la pomme de terre sur le protéome primaire et les fonctions photosynthétiques de sa plante hôte. Ils suggèrent aussi la mise en place de mécanismes compensatoires in planta et la grande plasticité du métabolisme primaire de la plante en réponse à l'herbivore.Higher plants have developed, over time, a variety of protection mechanisms allowing them to survive and cope with a variety of biotic stress cues in their surrounding environment. The main goal of this three-part doctoral thesis was to characterize the biochemical and the physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to defoliation by the coleopteran insect herbivore Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The first objective of the project was to characterize the impact of the insect on the host plant's leaf proteome, using as a model plants treated with potato beetle larvae, mechanically wounded plants and plants infested with a sucking/piercing insect, the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). The second objective was to gain some insight about the proteome of potato beetle oral secretions, with the aim of assessing the relative incidence of insect and host plant proteins at wound sites generated during insect feeding. The third objective, finally, was to determine the impact of leaf proteome alterations on photosynthetic capacities of the host plant, and to determine the possible impact of the plant's own molecular constituents on the responses observed. In brief, our results showed that several proteins involved in the primary and the secondary metabolisms, including photosynthesis-related proteins, were regulated in leaves in response to potato beetle feeding. However, the negative impact of the insect on several photosynthetic proteins, notably photosystem I proteins, only had negligible effects on the light capture process by the plant. The second phase of photosynthesis, on the other hand, was significantly affected by the insect, presumably via molecular effectors from both the insect and the host plant itself. These findings suggest, overall, a specific, but somewhat limited impact of Colorado potato beetle larvae on the leaf proteome and photosynthetic capacities of the potato host. They also suggest the possible induction of compensatory mechanisms in planta and the high plasticity of primary metabolism functions in the plant upon herbivore feeding

Lmono.msh

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#taxgroup_name:"Listeria monocytogenes" Deriplicated at 0.1% identity threshold using https://github.com/rrwick/Assembly-Dereplicator Total of 2,217 assemblies</p

2023-01-19_refseq_bacteria_derep_0.01.msh

https://github.com/duceppemo/mashID Refseq bacteria downloaded on 2023-01-19. Deriplicated using 1% similarity treshold using https://github.com/rrwick/Assembly-Dereplicator Total of 82,557 assemblies.</p