The Development of Step up to Quality: What it Means for Families

In June 2013 the Nebraska legislature signed into being LB507, also known as the Step Up to Quality Act. Designed to answer the need for quality early childhood care and experiences across the state of Nebraska, Step Up to Quality is Nebraska’s Quality Rating and Improvement System. Years in the making, Step Up to Quality aims to provide accountability for child care programs receiving state child care subsidy returns, increase family access to early childhood experiences through lowering of the income requirement levels to receive child care subsidy, and to provide an objective rating system for child care providers that will allow families to visually see the level of quality in a prospective child care program. This study identifies the history of Step Up to Quality, including how the bill was developed and implemented through the use of pilot studies, nationwide examinations of quality rating systems currently in use, and focus groups in order to answer questions relating to the involvement of families during the development process. This study also seeks to answer questions about how the results of Step Up to Quality will be shared with families and communities in Nebraska

Morphology and development of cleistogamous flowers in Macroptilium fraternum (Fabaceae)

En este aporte se describen dos tipos de flores (cleistógamas preantesis y pseudocleistógamas), presentadas en inflorescencias de diferente aspecto, observadas en dos poblaciones naturales de Macroptilium fraternum, que crecen en condiciones edáficas diferentes. La morfología de ambos tipos de flores en las dos poblaciones es similar, sin embargo, las pseudocleistógamas nunca despliegan sus alas, por lo tanto no exponen la quilla ni permiten que se posen visitantes florales. En ambos tipos de flores, los tricomas estilares, cuya estructura se describe, son relictos funcionales en la presentación del polen, porque cuando en el capullo el estigma (húmedo papiloso) está receptivo y las anteras están dehiscentes, fluye el exudado estigmático y germinan tanto los granos de polen presentados en estos tricomas como los depositados en el estigma. Con base en lo observado se infiere que los tricomas estilares son un estado plesiomórfico debido a que durante la ontogenia se encuentran completamente desarrollados, en tanto que los tricomas del ovario recién comienzan a diferen- ciarse. El margen del limbo del estandarte está cubierto con células globosas estriadas cuya función podría ser glandular como se ha observado en flores de Caesalpiniaceae. Debido a que las poblaciones estudiadas en las dos localidades presentaban flores pseudocleistógamas y cleistógamas preantesis, se infiere que las condicio- nes edáficas no condicionan la producción de los tipos florales en Macroptilium fraternum.The development of the two kinds of flowers (cleistogamous preanthesis and pseudocleistogamous flowers), found in Macroptilium fraternum is described. These two kinds of flowers were presented in different inflorescences of the same plant. Two populations that grow in different soil conditions were studied . The morphology of both kinds of flowers is similar in the analyzed populations, but in the pseudocleistogamous the wings never unfold, so the flower cannot receive visitors. In both kinds of flowers the sculptured stylar trichomes, which present the pollen, here are described, these are functionally relictual. In the bud stage the stigma (wet papillae) start to be receptive, simultaneously, the anthers opens and the stigmatic exudate flows down. The pollen grains covering these trichomes and the stigma, germinate. On the basis of the present observations, it is possible to infer that the stylar trichomes are a plesiomorphic state because during the ontogeny are completely developed when the ovary trichomes start to grow. The margin of the standard’s limb is covered with striate papillae which function perhaps should be glandular as it was reported in flowers of Caesalpiniaceae. Here is assumed that the soil doesn’t influence the production of both kinds of flowers, because of in the two populations studied, cleistogamous preanthesis and pseudocleistogamous flowers were found.Fil: Drewes, Susana Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hoc, Patricia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentin

Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Five chemicals with different modes of action were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their acute toxicity (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) and behavioral effects on 30-d-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The order of toxicity for these xenobiotics was permethrin \u3e chlorpyrifos \u3e 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) \u3e strychnine \u3e phenol. The 48-h LC50s were significantly different and ranged from 0.011 to 24.1 mg/L. In addition, chlorpyrifos and permethrin accumulated in the tissues of juvenile O. latipes. Observations of five behavioral/morphological responses, including changes in equilibrium, general activity, startle response, and morphology (e.g., hemorrhage and deformities) were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. Each chemical, with the exception of 2,4-DNP, elicited a distinct behavior or set of behavioral responses. The behavioral toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this species of fish

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Some Marker Dyes for Locating Steroids Eluted from Sephadex LH-20 Columns

As a routine internal calibration system, the use of marker dyes is easier, faster, and more reliable for precisely locating steroids separated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 than is the customary method, pre-calibration by radioactivity. Certain azobenzene and azotoluene dyes are suitable for signaling the effluent positions of various steroids of clinical interest. The elution behavior of this group of dyes is described for two nonpolar solvent systems commonly used in steroid chromatography; however, the technique is generally applicable and this group of dyes may be generally useful as visual markers. AdditIonal Keyphrase: visual markers in Sephadex chromatography Column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 is becoming more popular in the clinical laboratory for separating the steroids in plasma before they are measured by radioimmunoassay or competitive protein binding (1-5). This technique takes less time than paper chromatography or thin-layer chromatography, and columns can be re-used over long periods of time. However, the teclmique is not without drawbacks. Initial calibration of columns is time-consuming. Radioactively-labeled steroid, passed through each column and counted in the effluent fractions, is used to indicate which fractions should be kept. When a column is packed, and especially when a new lot of LH-20 is used, it usually must be recalibrated, to detect small shifts in the collection volume. After calibration, it is assumed that the void volume for a particular steroid will remain constant for all subsequent runs, an assumption that is not always correct. Moreover, the consequent low recovery may not even be detected if constant-flow characteristics are assumed and if recovery is not measured in each column separation

Biología floral, sistema reproductivo y éxito reproductivo de Macroptilium fraternum (Fabaceae)

Se realizaron observaciones de la biología floral y el sistema reproductivo de Macroptilium fraternum en dos poblaciones de la Argentina, con diferentes condiciones edáficas, localizadas en el extremo Sur del área de distribución de esta especie. En ambas poblaciones y en material de herbario de distintas procedencias se determinó la coexistencia en una misma planta de dos tipos florales: a) flores cleistógamas preantesis y b) flores pseudocleistógamas. Las flores cleistógamas preantesis con alas mayores de 5 mm, dispuestas en racimos pubescentes, erectos, expuestos sobre el nivel del follaje. La antesis duraba aproximadamente 5 horas en los días soleados y 9 horas en los días lluviosos, el ala derecha cubría al ala izquierda, adquiriendo la corola aspecto bilabiado, ofreciendo el ala izquierda como plataforma de aterrizaje; producían escasa cantidad de néctar (0.18 ± 0.13 µl) y no recibieron visitas de polinizadores; aproximadamente cuatro horas después del inicio de la antesis en días soleados el ovario comenzaba a crecer; en el capullo, el estigma receptivo se encontraba cubierto con granos de polen de la misma unidad floral germinando. Las flores pseudocleistógamas con alas menores de 5 mm, dispuestas en racimos breves, hirsutos y postrados, no subterráneos como en otras especies de Macroptilium. El estandarte comenzaba a desplegarse exponiendo parcialmente las alas, el limbo del ala izquierda rodeaba la quilla y nunca se desplegaba; el ala derecha comenzaba a desplegarse y a los 2 segundos se replegaba y marchitaba, inmediatamente el ovario comenzaba a crecer; la flor no ofrecía ninguna superficie donde algún visitante pudiera posarse; en los capullos el estigma estaba receptivo y con los granos de polen de la misma unidad floral emitiendo sus tubos polínicos. El éxito reproductivo relativo fue bajo (polinización natural = 8%, autopolinización espontánea = 3%), debido probablemente a la baja viabilidad polínica, el alto porcentaje de aborto de semillas y la falta de visitas de polinizadores. La producción de ambos tipos de flores no está condicionada por factores edáficos, ya que se encontraron en plantas provenientes de distintos ambientes. El estudio de la progenie de ambos tipos florales provenientes de ambas poblaciones, ha demostrado que cada uno produce una cantidad semejante de semillas aportando a la próxima generación plantas con similares características (desarrollo lento, baja resistencia a enfermedades y alta mortalidad). La ausencia de polinizadores en estas flores (en parte porque preferían visitar flores de otras especies, con mayor recompensa y en parte por la fragmentación de los habitats), estaría produciendo una depresión por autogamia en las poblaciones estudiadas; si no es preservada la variabilidad del germoplasma, estas poblaciones situadas en el extremo Sur de distribución de la especie podrían extinguirse

Polimorfismo en Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (Fabaceae). Evidencias que indican hibridación natural

Se estudió una población polimórfica de Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus que crece en el Noroeste de Argentina. Para dilucidar el origen de este polimorfismo fueron coleccionadas algunas plantas que pertenecían a la var. aborigineus, otras que exhibían dimorfismo floral y plantas que presentaban ciertos caracteres particulares. Luego de realizarles tratamientos de fecundación libre y autopolinización, se sembraron las semillas producidas en un invernáculo, aisladas del acceso de visitantes potencialmente polinizadores. Se siguió el crecimiento de cada planta hasta su fructificación. Se registró el número de plantas que se murieron debido a las infecciones. El número de plantas que florecieron y fructificaron fue registrado con el fin de estudiar su éxito reproductivo. Se analizaron los caracteres florales y se realizaron mediciones de las legumbres y sus semillas. Con los resultados obtenidos, las autoras concluyeron que los individuos que exhibían el dimorfismo floral probablemente sean el resultado de hibridación e introgresión entre la var. aborigineus y cultivares primitivos. Esta hipótesis se sustenta por la presencia de segregación divergente, observada en la descendencia que exhibía esta segregación. Otros cultivares permiten un flujo génico entre las entidades parentales, con la consecuencia del establecimiento de una población híbrida coexistente con sus entidades parentales. Quizás como resultado de la introgresión, los ejemplares de la línea con características diferenciales exhiben caracteres diferentes a los de sus progenitores. Los resultados de la autopolinización y de la fecundación libre en los individuos asignados a lavar. aborigineus, demuestran que la fecundación libre aporta una gran plasticidad genética, porque las generaciones posteriores persisten y son resistentes a las infecciones. Se hizo un seguimiento de la descendencia de la F1. Las plantas que pertenecían a la var. aborigineus, sometidas a fecundación libre, exhibieron crecimiento rápido y fueron saludables, mientras que la descendencia de los individuos con el dimorfismo floral mostraron características que permitieron concluir la posible existencia de degeneración de la progenie híbrida; estas características fueron: radícula recurvada con cotiledones que nunca surgen, ápice de las plántulas que se muere rápidamente, desarrollándose luego ramas en la axila uno de los cotiledones, y muerte de las plántulas después de algunas semanas. La degeneración de la progenie híbrida indica que un flujo génico no deseado en el área podría conducir a la disminución poblacional de la variedad silvestre en el área de estudio. El vigor, alto éxito reproductivo y resistencia a enfermedades de los ejemplares correspondientes a la var. aborigineus cuyo progenitor fue tratado para fecundación libre, y la progenie de la línea diferente estabilizada, son indicadores de la necesidad de preservar este germoplasma para evaluar su potencial agronómico a breve plazo. Los análisis de ADN ya iniciados permitirán confirmar las hipótesis aquí planteadasA polymorphic population of Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus growing at the Northwest of Argentina was studied. In order to know the origin of this polymorphism, some plants belonging to the var. aborigineus, other plants showing floral dimorphism and other individuals with particular characters were collected. Their seeds, obtained after field-work treatments of autogamy and free pollination, were sown in a green-house, isolated of the access of pollinators. The growth of each plant was followed until its fructification, and the number of plants that died due to infections was recorded. The number of plants that flowered and fructified was registered in order to study their reproductive success. The floral, fruit and seed qualitative and quantitative characters were documented. With the results obtained, the authors concluded that those individuals that showed floral dimorphism are probably a result of hybridization and introgression between the var. aborigineus and "old cultivars". This hypothesis is supported by the presence of divergent segregation, observed in the offspring of the plants with this segregation. Other crops should allow the genic flow between the parental entities, with the consequence of the establishment of an hybrid population coexistent with their ancestors. Perhaps, as a result of introgression, the stabilized lines exhibit characters different from their parental varieties. The results of autopollination and free pollination in those individuals assigned to var. aborigineus, showed that free pollination brings a great genetic plasticity, because next generations can persist and resist infections. The offspring of the F1 was followed. The plants that belonged to var. aborigineus, product of free pollination, exhibited fast growth and were healthy, while the descendant of the individuals with the floral dimorphism showed characteristics that allowed to conclude the possible existence of degeneration of the hybrid progeny; this characteristics were: curled radicles with cotyledons that never emerge, plantule’s apex that soon die with the following development of branches from the cotyledon’s axil, and death after some weeks. This degeneration indicates that an unwanted gene flow in the area could lead to a decline in the wild bean population. The vigor, high reproductive success and resistance to illnesses of the individuals corresponding to the var. vulgaris, whose progenitor was treated for free fecundation, and the offspring of the plants with cultivated characteristics, are indicative of the necessity of preserving this germplasm to evaluate its agronomic potential to brief term. The DNA analyses already initiated, will allow the confirmation of the hypotheses outlined in this wor

Hybridization Between Wild and Domesticated Types of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) in Argentina

A polymorphic population of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. aborigineus (Burkart) Baudet growing in northwestern Argentina was studied. In order to know the origin of this polymorphism, plants belonging to the var. aborigineus, others showing floral dimorphism and individuals with weedy type characters were collected. Their seeds, obtained after fieldwork treatments of autogamy and free pollination in order to know their reproductive system, were sown in a greenhouse. Information of their growth was recorded and several numerical analyses were performed. With the results obtained, we concluded that those individuals that showed floral dimorphism are probably a result of hybridization and/or introgression between the var. aborigineus and cultivated forms that grow in the area. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of divergent segregation in the offspring. Also, the offspring of the F1 was followed and allowed us to conclude the possible existence of degeneration of the hybrid progeny. This degeneration indicates that an unwanted gene flow in the area could lead to a decline in the wild bean population. The vigour and high reproductive success of the offspring belonging to the individuals corresponding to the var. aborigineus, whose progenitor was treated for outcrossing, and the existence of plants with weedy type characteristics, are indicative of the necessity to preserve this germplasm in order to evaluate its agronomic potential as brief as possible. The population here studied constitutes a wild-weed–crop complex growing in Argentina.Fil: Hoc, Patricia Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; ArgentinaFil: Espert, Shirley Mary. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Drewes, Susana Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Burghardt, Alicia Diana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentin

Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Five chemicals with different modes of action were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their acute toxicity (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) and behavioral effects on 30-d-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The order of toxicity for these xenobiotics was permethrin > chlorpyrifos > 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) > strychnine > phenol. The 48-h LC50s were significantly different and ranged from 0.011 to 24.1 mg/L. In addition, chlorpyrifos and permethrin accumulated in the tissues of juvenile O. latipes. Observations of five behavioral/morphological responses, including changes in equilibrium, general activity, startle response, and morphology (e.g., hemorrhage and deformities) were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. Each chemical, with the exception of 2,4-DNP, elicited a distinct behavior or set of behavioral responses. The behavioral toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this species of fish.This article is from Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (1997): 696, doi:10.1002/etc.5620160414.</p