"It's something like man flu": Male view on period

The diploma thesis "It's something like man flu": Male view on period discusses the way men talk about menstruation, what is the level of their communication on that topic and how they view menstruating women. The text also reveals the stereotypes on menstruation in our society, and, last but not least, focuses on men's discourses of periods. The thesis focuses on three age groups classified as generations X, Y and Z. The theoretical part presents the basic concepts used in the text, such as gender, discourse, stereotype, etc. In this section, menstruation is viewed from biological, linguistic, historical and societal perspective which demonstrates the fact that within our society, it is an important part of women's lives. Subsequently, there is a part devoted to the definition of the term generation and the distinctions typical for each generation. The aim of this thesis is to, by using a mixed research, reveal men's approach towards periods. In addition to semi-structured interviews with men from individual generations, the author made use of an on-line questionnaire as well. Keywords Menstruation, generation, discourse, stereotype, cultural studies.Diplomová práce "Je to něco jako chlapská rýmička": Mužský pohled na ženské dny pojednává o způsobu, jakým muži prezentují menstruaci, na jaké úrovni o ní komunikují a jak nahlíží na menstruující ženy. Zároveň odhaluje stereotypy, které v naší společnosti o menstruaci panují, a v neposlední řadě se zaměřuje na diskurzy, v rámci kterých muži na ženské dny nahlíží. Práce se zaměřuje na tři věkové skupiny klasifikované perspektivou generací X, Y a Z. Teoretická část práce představuje základní pojmy, se kterými text pracuje, jako je gender, diskurz, stereotyp apod. Na menstruaci je v této části nahlíženo pohledem biologickým, lingvistickým, historickým a společenským, čímž je demonstrována skutečnost, že se jedná o důležitou součást ženského života v naší společnosti. Následně je věnován prostor definici termínu generace a odlišnostem, které jsou pro jednotlivé generace typické. Cílem práce je prostřednictvím smíšeného výzkumu odhalit, jakým způsobem muži přistupují k ženským dnům. Konkrétně byl vedle polostrukturovaných rozhovorů s muži z jednotlivých generací využit online dotazník. Klíčová slova Menstruace, generace, diskurz, stereotyp, kulturální studia.Programme Historical SociologyProgram Historická sociologieFaculty of HumanitiesFakulta humanitních studi

Determination of cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholecalciferol by HPLC with spectrophotometric and electrochemical detection

The aim of this thesis is to verify the possibility of simultaneous determination of three structurally related biologically active substances (cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and cholecalciferol) after previous separation by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrochemical (on a boron-doped diamond electrode) and spectrophotometric detection, which were compared in this work. The influence of the water content in the mobile phase (in the range of 0-10 %) on the retention factor of the analytes and their response for both types of detectors was investigated. Using all mentioted water contents, the analytes baseline-separated. As the water content increased, the retention factor of the analytes increased as well as the background current for higher positive detection potentials. Based on the recorded hydrodynamic voltammograms, the optimum detection potential + 1.8 V was chosen. The optimum wavelength for spectrophotometric detection was 200 nm. The concentration dependence was measured in an of 50 mmol l−1 sodium perchlorate in acetonitrile mixed with water (95:5, v/v). The spectrophotometric detector provided lower detection limits compared with the electrochemical detector, which had detection limits of 2.3 μmol l−1 for cholesterol, 1.4 μmol l−1 for 7-dehydrocholesterol and...Obsahem této práce je ověření možnosti současného stanovení tří strukturně příbuzných biologicky aktivních látek (cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol a cholekalciferol) po předchozí separaci vysokoúčinnou kapalinovou chromatografií a následné elektrochemické (na borem dopované diamantové elektrodě) a spektrofotometrické detekci, které byly v práci porovnávány. Byl zkoumán vliv obsahu vody v mobilní fázi (v rozsahu 0-10 %) na retenční faktor analytů a jejich odezvu pro oba typy detektorů. Při všech zkoumaných obsazích vody byly analyty separovány až na základní linii. Při zvyšujícím se obsahu vody se zvyšoval retenční faktor analytů a také proud pozadí pro vyšší kladné detekční potenciály. Na základě zaznamenaných hydrodynamických voltamogramů byl určen optimální detekční potenciál + 1,8 V. Optimální vlnová délka pro spektrofotometrickou detekci byla 200 nm. Koncentrační závislost byla naměřena v prostředí 50 mmol l−1 chloristanu sodného v acetonitrilu ve směsi s vodou (95:5, v/v). Nižší hodnoty limitů detekce poskytoval spektrofotometrický detektor oproti elektrochemickému, který měl limit detekce cholesterolu 2,3 μmol l−1 , 7-dehydrocholesterolu 1,4 μmol l−1 a cholekalciferolu 0,6 μmol l−1 . Po extrakci analytů z modelového roztoku umělého séra a vzorku plodové vody bylo zjištěno, že při...Katedra analytické chemieDepartment of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Characterisation and maturation process of Edam type cheese

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá stanovením aromaticky aktivních látek a volných/vázaných mastných kyselin v modelových sýrech eidamského typu, tj. přírodní polotvrdé sýry s nízkodohřívanou sýřeninou. Pro výrobu sýrů byly použity různé kombinace mikrobiálních kultur; u všech jako základ mezofilní kultura a čtyři vybrané kmeny termofilních kultur Lactobacillus casei a Lactobacillus plantarum. Cílem bylo posoudit vliv různých mikrobiálních kultur na obsah měřených parametrů, zároveň byly sledovány jejich změny v průběhu zrání sýrů. Pro identifikaci a semikvantifikaci aromaticky aktivních látek byla vybrána metoda HS-SPME-GC-MS. Extrakce tuků ze sýrů byla provedena podle ČSN EN ISO 1735:2005 a mastné kyseliny byly identifikovány a kvantifikovány metodou GC-FID po převedení na methylestery kyselou esterifikací methanolickým roztokem bortrifluoridu jako katalyzátoru. Celkem bylo ve vzorcích sýrů identifikováno 50 těkavých sloučenin, z toho 11 alkoholů, 5 aldehydů, 7 ketonů, 6 karboxylových kyselin, 10 esterů, 3 laktony, 2 sirné sloučeniny a 6 zařazených do skupiny „ostatní“. Všechny lze považovat za prokazatelně aromaticky aktivní. V jednotlivých vzorcích bylo identifikováno 30–40 sloučenin, nejvíce zastoupeny byly alkoholy, karboxylové kyseliny a ketony. Počet i obsah identifikovaných sloučenin během zrání mírně klesal. Ve všech vzorcích bylo identifikováno 17 mastných kyselin, a to jak ve formě volné, tak esterově vázané, během zrání také došlo ke snižování jejich obsahu. Nejvíce zastoupeny byly kyseliny myristová, palmitová, stearová a olejová. Mezi vzorky byly nalezeny významné rozdíly (pThis diploma thesis deals with the assessment of aroma compounds and free/bound fatty acids in model samples of Edam type cheeses. Various combinations of microbial cultures, basic mesophilic and four selected strains of thermophilic Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum, were used for cheese production. The main aim was to judge the influence of microbial cultures on content of measured parameters, the changes during ripening were also followed. The HS-SPME-GC-MS method was used for identification and semiquantification of aroma compounds. The lipids from cheese were extracted based on ISO 1735:2004, fatty acids were identified and quantified using GC-FID method after conversion to methyl esters by acid esterification with boron trifluoride in methanol. In total 50 volatile compounds were identified in samples, 11 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 7 ketones, 6 acids, 10 esters, 3 lactones, 2 sulphur compounds and 6 „others“; all of them are considered as aroma active. About 30–40 compounds were identified in single samples, alcohols, acids and ketones were the predominant. The number as well as the content of compounds identified decreased slightly during ripening. In total 17 free/bound fatty acids were identified in samples, their content also decreased during ripening. Myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were the predominant. The significant differences (p

Assessment of aroma active compounds in selected type of cheese

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá stanovením aromaticky aktivních látek v sýrech ementálského typu a v sýrech typu Moravský bochník, tj. přírodní tvrdé sýry s vysokodohřívanou sýřeninou. V teoretické části jsou tyto sýry charakterizovány, je popsáno jejich chemické složení a jednotlivé kroky technologie výroby. Dále je zpracována literární rešerše problematiky aromaticky aktivních látek a popsána metoda jejich stanovení pomocí mikroextrakce pevnou fází a plynové chromatografie s hmotnostní spektrometrií. V experimentální části byla vybraná SPME-GC-MS metoda použita k identifikaci těkavých aromaticky aktivních látek v sýrech s vysokodohřívanou sýřeninou zakoupených v běžné tržní síti a v modelových vzorcích sýrů vyrobených na Univerzitě Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně za použití různých poměrů přidaných mlékařských kultur. Mezi vzorky byly nalezeny rozdíly v počtu a druhu těkavých sloučenin. Celkem bylo ve vzorcích sýrů identifikováno 129 sloučenin, z toho 35 alkoholů, 9 aldehydů, 24 ketonů, 16 karboxylových kyselin, 23 esterů, 1 ether, 16 uhlovodíků, 2 sirné a 3 dusíkaté sloučeniny.This bachelor thesis deals with the aroma active compounds of Emmental and Moravský bochník types of cheeses, i.e. natural hard cheese with high heat curd. In the theoretical part these cheeses are characterized, their chemical composition is described as well as individual steps of their manufacturing process. After that a literature search focused on aroma active substances is made and the following methods are described: solid phase microextraction for their isolation and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for detection. In the experimental part the selected SPME-GC-MS method is used to identify volatile aroma active compounds in cheeses with high heat curd bought on the market and samples of model cheeses manufactured at Tomas Bata University in Zlín with the use of various ratios of added dairy cultures. The differences among samples were found in the number and types of volatile compounds. A total of 129 compounds were identified in samples; of those 35 alcohols, 9 aldehydes, 24 ketones, 16 carboxylic acids, 23 esters, 1 ether, 16 hydrocarbons, 2 sulphurous and 3 nitrogenous compounds.

A Mathematical Model for the Dynamics and Synchronization of Cows

We formulate a mathematical model for daily activities of a cow (eating, lying down, and standing) in terms of a piecewise affine dynamical system. We analyze the properties of this bovine dynamical system representing the single animal and develop an exact integrative form as a discrete-time mapping. We then couple multiple cow "oscillators" together to study synchrony and cooperation in cattle herds. We comment on the relevant biology and discuss extensions of our model. With this abstract approach, we not only investigate equations with interesting dynamics but also develop interesting biological predictions. In particular, our model illustrates that it is possible for cows to synchronize \emph{less} when the coupling is increased.Comment: to appear in Physica

Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind? Behavioral Coordination in Red-Tailed Sportive Lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus)

Many animals are organized into social groups and have to synchronize their activities to maintain group cohesion. Although activity budgets, habitat constraints, and group properties may impact on behavioural synchrony, little is known regarding how members of a group reach a consensus on the timing of activities such as foraging bouts. Game theory predicts that pair partners should synchronize their activities when there is an advantage of foraging together. As a result of this synchronization, differences in the energetic reserves of the two players develop spontaneously and the individual with lower reserves emerges as a pacemaker of the synchrony. Here, we studied the behavioral synchrony of pair-living, nocturnal, red-tailed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus). We observed 8 pairs continuously for ≥1 annual reproductive cycle in Kirindy Forest, Western Madagascar. During focal observations, one observer followed the female of a pair and, simultaneously, another observer followed the male. We recorded the location and behavioral state of the focal individual every 5 min via instantaneous sampling. Although behavioral synchrony of pair partners appeared to be due mainly to endogenous activity patterns, they actively synchronized when they were in visual contact (<10 m). Nevertheless, red-tailed sportive lemurs benefit from synchronizing their activity only for 15% of the time, when they are close together. The lack of an early warning system for predators and weak support for benefits via social information transfer in combination with energetic constraints may explain why red-tailed sportive lemurs do not spend more time together and thus reap the benefits of behavioral synchrony

Communication and Cognition in Primate Group Movement

We here review the communicative and cognitive processes underpinning collective group movement in animals. Generally, we identify 2 major axes to explain the dynamics of decision making in animal or human groups or aggregations: One describes whether the behavior is largely determined by simple rules such as keeping a specific distance from the neighbor, or whether global information is also factored in. The second axis describes whether or not the individual constituents of the group have overlapping or diverging interests. We then review the available evidence for baboons, which have been particularly well studied, but we also draw from further studies on other nonhuman primate species. Baboons and other nonhuman primates may produce specific signals in the group movement context, such as the notifying behavior of male hamadryas baboons at the departure from the sleeping site, or clear barks that are given by chacma baboons that have lost contact with the group or specific individuals. Such signals can be understood as expressions of specific motivational states of the individuals, but there is no evidence that the subjects intend to alter the knowledge state of the recipients. There is also no evidence for shared intentionality. The cognitive demands that are associated with decision making in the context of group coordination vary with the amount of information and possibly conflicting sources of information that need to be integrated. Thus, selective pressures should favor the use of signals that maintain group cohesion, while recipients should be selected to be able to make the decision that is in their own best interest in light of all the available information

Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis surface topographical heterogeneities: Do they matter for initial bacterial adhesion?

The role of the physicochemical and surface properties of NF/RO membranes influencing bacterial adhesion has been widely studied. However, there exists a poor understanding of the potential role membrane topographical heterogeneities can have on bacterial adhesion. Heterogeneities on material surfaces have been shown to influence bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate whether the presence of membrane topographical heterogeneities had a significant role during bacterial adhesion as this could significantly impact on how biofouling develops on membranes during NF/RO operation. An extensive study was devised in which surface topographical heterogeneities from two commercial membranes, NF270 and BW30, were assessed for their role in the adhesion of two model organisms of different geometrical shapes, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The influence of cross-flow velocity and permeate flux was also tested, as well as the angle to which bacteria adhered compared to the flow direction. Bacterial adhesion onto the membranes and in their surface topographical heterogeneities was assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. Results showed that up to 30% of total adhered cells were found in membrane defect areas when defect areas only covered up to 13% of the membrane surface area. This suggests that topographical heterogeneities may play a significant role in establishing environmental niches during the early stages of biofilm development. Furthermore, no noticeable difference between the angle of cell attachment in defect areas compared to the rest of the membrane surface was found.European Research CouncilScience Foundation Irelan