145 research outputs found
Barriers to Including Indigenous Content in Canadian Health Professions Curricula
Indigenous peoples in Canada continue to face health care inequities despite their increased risk for various negative health outcomes. Evidence suggests that health professions students and faculty do not feel their curriculum adequately prepares learners to address these inequities. The aim of this study was to identify barriers that hinder the inclusion of adequate Indigenous content in curricula across health professions programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 faculty members at a university in Canada from various health disciplines. Employing thematic analysis, four principal barriers were identified: (1) the limited number and overburdening of Indigenous faculty, (2) the need for non-Indigenous faculty training and capacity, (3) the lack of oversight and direction regarding curricular content and training approaches, and (4) the limited amount of time in curriculum and competing priorities. Addressing these barriers is necessary to prepare learners to provide equitable health care for Indigenous peoples.
Keywords: Indigenous health, health professions, curricula, faculty perspectives, barriers, CanadaMalgrĂ© leur risque accru de dĂ©velopper des ennuis de santĂ©, les Autochtones du Canada continuent de subir des inĂ©galitĂ©s en matiĂšre de soins de santĂ©. Les donnĂ©es existantes rĂ©vĂšlent que les Ă©tudiants en formation pour devenir des professionnels de la santĂ© et leurs professeurs estiment que leurs programmes dâĂ©tudes actuels ne les prĂ©parent pas adĂ©quatement Ă sâattaquer Ă ces inĂ©galitĂ©s. Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait dâidentifier les obstacles qui entravent lâinclusion de contenu autochtone adĂ©quat dans les programmes dâĂ©tudes de la formation des professionnels de la santĂ©. Des entrevues semi-structurĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es avec 33 membres du corps enseignant, issus de diverses disciplines de la santĂ©, dâune universitĂ© du Canada. Une analyse thĂ©matique a permis dâidentifier quatre principaux obstacles : 1) le nombre insuffisant de professeurs autochtones et la surcharge de travail qui en rĂ©sulteâŻ; 2) la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâaccroĂźtre la formation et la capacitĂ© des professeurs non autochtonesâŻ; 3) le manque de supervision et dâorientation concernant le contenu des programmes et les approches de formationâŻ; et 4) le temps limitĂ© qui entraĂźne une concurrence de prioritĂ© des thĂšmes abordĂ©s. Il est nĂ©cessaire de surmonter ces obstacles pour prĂ©parer les Ă©tudiants Ă fournir des soins de santĂ© sĂ»rs et Ă©quitables aux Autochtones.
Mots-clĂ©s : santĂ© des Autochtones, professionnels de la santĂ©, programmes dâĂ©tudes, perspectives du corps enseignant, obstacles, Canad
Interactive E-Texts and Students: A Scoping Review
The purpose of this article is to explore the scope of available evidence regarding the use of interactive e-texts and their relationship to student learning experiences in post-secondary education. Following the framework of Arksey and OâMalley, this scoping review identified and reported on 33 articles. Study characteristics are presented alongside four themes that were found across the included articles: (1) the effect of interactive e-texts on student learning experiences; (2) the relationship between interactive e-texts and academic performance; (3) factors influencing student adoption and experience of interactive e-texts; and (4) roles, responsibilities, and recommendations. While the adoption of interactive e-texts is becoming increasingly common in post-secondary education, their effect on student learning experiences remains complex. This review emphasizes the importance of user-friendliness, affordability, accessibility, portability, and the role of educators. Using interactive e-texts shows promise, though future research should explore how barriers might be minimized and benefits might be maximized to have the strongest impact on student learning experiences.
Keywords: interactive e-text, student experience, scoping review, post-secondary educationLâobjectif de cet article Ă©tait dâexplorer lâĂ©tendue des connaissances disponibles sur lâutilisation des documents numĂ©riques interactifs et leur relation avec les expĂ©riences dâapprentissage des Ă©tudiants Ă lâenseignement supĂ©rieur. Suivant le cadre de lâĂ©tude dâArksey et OâMalley (2005), cet examen de lâĂ©tendue des connaissances nous a permis de repĂ©rer et dâanalyser 33 articles. Les caractĂ©ristiques de lâĂ©tude sont prĂ©sentĂ©es selon quatre thĂšmes retrouvĂ©s dans les articles consultĂ©s : (1) lâimpact des documents numĂ©riques interactifs sur les expĂ©riences dâapprentissage des Ă©tudiants; (2) la relation entre les documents numĂ©riques interactifs et les rĂ©sultats scolaires; (3) les facteurs influençant lâadoption des documents numĂ©riques interactifs et les expĂ©riences dâutilisation par les Ă©tudiants; et (4) les rĂŽles, les responsabilitĂ©s et les recommandations. Tandis que lâutilisation des documents numĂ©riques interactifs devient de plus en plus frĂ©quente au postsecondaire, leur impact sur les expĂ©riences dâapprentissage des Ă©tudiants demeure complexe. Cet article souligne lâimportance de la convivialitĂ©, du coĂ»t, de lâaccessibilitĂ©, de la portabilitĂ© et du rĂŽle des enseignants. Puisque lâutilisation de documents numĂ©riques interactifs est prometteuse, de futures recherches devraient explorer comment les obstacles pourraient ĂȘtre rĂ©duits au minimum et les avantages maximisĂ©s pour permettre le meilleur impact possible sur les expĂ©riences dâapprentissage des Ă©tudiants.
Mots-clés : documents numériques interactifs, expérience étudiante, étendue des connaissances, éducation postsecondair
Ontogeny-based immunogens for the induction of V2-directed HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies.
CAPRISA, 2017.Abstract available in pdf
Shotgun Lipidomic Profiling of the NCI60 Cell Line Panel Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) was used for the rapid mass spectrometric profiling of cancer cell lines. Spectral reproducibility was assessed for three different cell lines, and the extent of interclass differences and intraclass variance was found to allow the identification of these cell lines based on the REIMS data. Subsequently, the NCI60 cell line panel was subjected to REIMS analysis, and the resulting data set was investigated for its distinction of individual cell lines and different tissue types of origin. Information content of REIMS spectral profiles of cell lines were found to be similar to those obtained from mammalian tissues although pronounced differences in relative lipid intensity were observed. Ultimately, REIMS was shown to detect changes in lipid content of cell lines due to mycoplasma infection. The data show that REIMS is an attractive means to study cell lines involving minimal sample preparation and analysis times in the range of seconds. © 2016 American Chemical Society
Shotgun Lipidomic Profiling of the NCI60 Cell Line Panel Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Targeted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for drug distribution, toxicity, and tissue classification studies
With increased use of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) in support of pharmaceutical research and development, there are opportunities to develop analytical pipelines that incorporate exploratory high-performance analysis with higher capacity and faster targeted MSI. Therefore, to enable faster MSI data acquisition we present analyte-targeted desorption electrospray ionizationâmass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) utilizing a triple-quadrupole (TQ) mass analyzer. The evaluated platform configuration provided superior sensitivity compared to a conventional time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer and thus holds the potential to generate data applicable to pharmaceutical research and development. The platform was successfully operated with sampling rates up to 10 scans/s, comparing positively to the 1 scan/s commonly used on comparable DESI-TOF setups. The higher scan rate enabled investigation of the desorption/ionization processes of endogenous lipid species such as phosphatidylcholines and a co-administered cassette of four orally dosed drugsâerlotininb, moxifloxacin, olanzapine, and terfenadine. This was used to enable understanding of the impact of the desorption/ionization processes in order to optimize the operational parameters, resulting in improved compound coverage for olanzapine and the main olanzapine metabolite, hydroxy-olanzapine, in brain tissue sections compared to DESI-TOF analysis or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) platforms. The approach allowed reducing the amount of recorded information, thus reducing the size of datasets from up to 150 GB per experiment down to several hundred MB. The improved performance was demonstrated in case studies investigating the suitability of this approach for mapping drug distribution, spatially resolved profiling of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and molecularâhistological tissue classification of ovarian tumors specimens
Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting
Computational neutralization fingerprinting, NFP, is an efficient and accurate method for predicting the epitope specificities of polyclonal antibody responses to HIV-1 infection. Here, we present next-generation NFP algorithms that substantially improve prediction accuracy for individual donors and enable serologic analysis for entire cohorts. Specifically, we developed algorithms for: (a) selection of optimized virus neutralization panels for NFP analysis, (b) estimation of NFP prediction confidence for each serum sample, and (c) identification of sera with potentially novel epitope specificities. At the individual donor level, the next-generation NFP algorithms particularly improved the ability to detect multiple epitope specificities in a sample, as confirmed both for computationally simulated polyclonal sera and for samples from HIV-infected donors. Specifically, the next-generation NFP algorithms detected multiple specificities in twice as many samples of simulated sera. Further, unlike the first-generation NFP, the new algorithms were able to detect both of the previously confirmed antibody specificities, VRC01-like and PG9-like, in donor CHAVI 0219. At the cohort level, analysis of ~150 broadly neutralizing HIV-infected donor samples suggested a potential connection between clade of infection and types of elicited epitope specificities. Most notably, while 10E8-like antibodies were observed in infections from different clades, an enrichment of such antibodies was predicted for clade B samples. Ultimately, such largescale analyses of antibody responses to HIV-1 infection can help guide the design of epitope-specific vaccines that are tailored to take into account the prevalence of infecting clades within a specific geographic region. Overall, the next-generation NFP technology will be an important tool for the analysis of broadly neutralizing polyclonal antibody responses against HIV-1
New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk.
Levels of circulating glucose are tightly regulated. To identify new loci influencing glycemic traits, we performed meta-analyses of 21 genome-wide association studies informative for fasting glucose, fasting insulin and indices of beta-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in up to 46,186 nondiabetic participants. Follow-up of 25 loci in up to 76,558 additional subjects identified 16 loci associated with fasting glucose and HOMA-B and two loci associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. These include nine loci newly associated with fasting glucose (in or near ADCY5, MADD, ADRA2A, CRY2, FADS1, GLIS3, SLC2A2, PROX1 and C2CD4B) and one influencing fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (near IGF1). We also demonstrated association of ADCY5, PROX1, GCK, GCKR and DGKB-TMEM195 with type 2 diabetes. Within these loci, likely biological candidate genes influence signal transduction, cell proliferation, development, glucose-sensing and circadian regulation. Our results demonstrate that genetic studies of glycemic traits can identify type 2 diabetes risk loci, as well as loci containing gene variants that are associated with a modest elevation in glucose levels but are not associated with overt diabetes
Structural survey of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies targeting Env trimer delineates epitope categories and suggests vaccine templates
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies are desired for their therapeutic potential and as templates for vaccine design. Such antibodies target the HIV-1-envelope (Env) trimer, which is shielded from immune recognition by extraordinary glycosylation and sequence variability. Recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies thus provides insight into how antibody can bypass these immune-evasion mechanisms. Remarkably, antibodies neutralizing >25% of HIV-1 strains have now been identified that recognize all major exposed surfaces of the prefusion-closed Env trimer. Here we analyzed all 206 broadly neutralizing antibody-HIV-1 Env complexes in the PDB with resolution suitable to define their interaction chemistries. These segregated into 20 antibody classes based on ontogeny and recognition, and into 6 epitope categories (V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide, and subunit interface) based on recognized Env residues. We measured antibody neutralization on a 208-isolate panel and analyzed features of paratope and B cell ontogeny. The number of protruding loops, CDR H3 length, and level of somatic hypermutation for broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher than for a comparison set of non-HIV-1 antibodies. For epitope, the number of independent sequence segments was higher (P < 0.0001), as well as the glycan component surface area (P = 0.0005). Based on B cell ontogeny, paratope, and breadth, the CD4-binding site antibody IOMA appeared to be a promising candidate for lineage-based vaccine design. In terms of epitope-based vaccine design, antibody VRC34.01 had few epitope segments, low epitope-glycan content, and high epitope-conformational variability, which may explain why VRC34.01-based design is yielding promising vaccine results
Structural survey of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies targeting Env trimer delineates epitope categories and suggests vaccine templates
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies are desired for their therapeutic potential and as templates for vaccine design. Such antibodies target the HIV-1-envelope (Env) trimer, which is shielded from immune recognition by extraordinary glycosylation and sequence variability. Recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies thus provides insight into how antibody can bypass these immune-evasion mechanisms. Remarkably, antibodies neutralizing >25% of HIV-1 strains have now been identified that recognize all major exposed surfaces of the prefusion-closed Env trimer. Here we analyzed all 206 broadly neutralizing antibody-HIV-1 Env complexes in the PDB with resolution suitable to define their interaction chemistries. These segregated into 20 antibody classes based on ontogeny and recognition, and into 6 epitope categories (V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide, and subunit interface) based on recognized Env residues. We measured antibody neutralization on a 208-isolate panel and analyzed features of paratope and B cell ontogeny. The number of protruding loops, CDR H3 length, and level of somatic hypermutation for broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher than for a comparison set of non-HIV-1 antibodies. For epitope, the number of independent sequence segments was higher (P < 0.0001), as well as the glycan component surface area (P = 0.0005). Based on B cell ontogeny, paratope, and breadth, the CD4-binding site antibody IOMA appeared to be a promising candidate for lineage-based vaccine design. In terms of epitope-based vaccine design, antibody VRC34.01 had few epitope segments, low epitope-glycan content, and high epitope-conformational variability, which may explain why VRC34.01-based design is yielding promising vaccine results
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