Photo-induced magnetization enhancement in two-dimensional weakly anisotropic Heisenberg magnets

By comparing the photo-induced magnetization dynamics in simple layered systems we show how light-induced modifications of the magnetic anisotropy directly enhance the magnetization. It is observed that the spin precession in (CH3NH3)2CuCl4, initiated by a light pulse, increases in amplitude at the critical temperature TC. The phenomenon is related to the dependence of the critical temperature on the axial magnetic anisotropy. The present results underline the possibility and the importance of the optical modifications of the anisotropy, opening new paths toward the control of the magnetization state for ultrafast memories.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, supplementary info as SIr.pd

Low-frequency Raman study of the ferroelectric phase transition in a layered CuCl4-based organic-inorganic hybrid

The ferroelectric phase transition at TC = 340 K in (C6H5CH2CH2NH3)2CuCl4 is studied by means of temperature-dependent low-frequency Raman scattering, focusing on the coupling of a low-energy librational mode to the order parameter of the transition. Analysis of the symmetry and characteristics of this mode links the dipolar order to the tilt angle of the organic cations. The thermal evolution of the Raman spectrum demonstrates the displacive component of the phase transition in combinationwith order-disorder phenomena and the importance of the organic-inorganic interplay to the physical properties of the compound. The ferroelectric properties investigated here can be generalized to the family of layered organic-inorganic hybrids.

Combination of insulin and metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

WSTĘP. Celem pracy była ocena działania metabolicznego metforminy w porównaniu z placebo, u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2, leczonych według schematu intensywnej insulinoterapii. MATERIAŁ I METODY. Metformina poprawia kontrolę glikemii u osób ze źle wyrównaną cukrzycą typu 2. Dotychczas nie zbadano jej wpływu u chorych na cukrzycę typu 2, leczonych metodą intensywnej insulinoterapii. Grupa 390 chorych na cukrzycę typu 2, stosujących insulinę, uczestniczyła w randomizowanym, kontrolowanym, przeprowadzonym metodą podwójnie ślepej próby badaniu z zaplanowaną pośrednią analizą po 16 tygodniach leczenia. Uczestników badania wybrano z 3 przyszpitalnych przychodni i losowo przydzielono do grup, przyjmujących placebo lub metforminę w uzupełnieniu insulinoterapii. Podczas badania prowadzono intensywną kontrolę glikemii z natychmiastowym dostosowaniem dawki insuliny, zgodnie ze ścisłymi wytycznymi. Określano wskaźniki kontroli glikemii, zapotrzebowanie na insulinę, masę ciała, ciśnienie tętnicze, stężenie lipidów, incydenty hipoglikemii i inne działania niepożądane. WYNIKI. Sposród 390 osób 37 nie ukończyło badania (12 w grupie otrzymującej placebo i 25 w grupie leczonej metforminą). U osób, które ukończyły 16-tygodniowy okres leczenia zastosowanie metforminy w porównaniu z placebo powodowało poprawę kontroli glikemii (średnia glikemia podczas 16 tygodni 7,8 vs. 8,8 mmol/l, p = 0,006; średnie stężenie HbA1c 6,9 vs. 7,6%, p < 0,0001), zmniejszone zapotrzebowanie na insulinę (63,8 vs. 71,3 j.; p < 0,0001), mniejszy przyrost masy ciała (-0,4 vs. +1,2 kg; p < 0,01) i zmniejszenie stężenia cholesterolu frakcji LDL (-0,21 vs. -0,02 mmol/l; p < 0,01). Ryzyko wystąpienia hipoglikemii było podobne. WNIOSKI. U chorych na cukrzycę typu 2, leczonych intensywnie insuliną, skojarzenie insuliny z metforminą powoduje lepsze wyrównanie glikemii w porównaniu z monoterapią insuliną, a jednocześnie zmniejsza zapotrzebowanie na insulinę i ogranicza przyrost masy ciała.INTRODUCTION. To investigate the metabolic effects of metformin, as compared with placebo, in type 2 diabetic patients intensively treated with insulin. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Metformin improves glycemic control in poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Its effect in type 2 diabetic patients who are intensively treated with insulin has not been studied. A total of 390 patients whose type 2 diabetes was controlled with insulin therapy completed a randomized controlled double-blind trial with a planned interim analysis after 16 weeks of treatment.The subjects were selected from three outpatient clinics in regional hospitals and were randomly assigned to either the placebo or metformin group, in addition to insulin therapy. Intensive glucose monitoring with immediate insulin adjustments according to strict guidelines was conducted. Indexes of glycemic control, insulin requirements, body weight, blood pressure, plasma lipids, hypoglycemic events, and other adverse events were measured. RESULTS. Of the 390 subjects, 37 dropped out (12 in the placebo and 25 in the metformin group). Of those who completed 16 weeks of treatment, metformin use, as compared with placebo, was associated with improved glycemic control (mean daily glucose at 16 weeks 7.8 vs. 8.8 mmol/l, P = 0.006; mean GHb 6.9 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.0001); reduced insulin requirements (63.8 vs. 71.3 IU, P < 0.0001); reduced weight gain (&#8211;0.4 vs. +1.2 kg, P < 0.01); and decreased plasma LDL cholesterol (&#8211;0.21 vs. &#8211;0.02 mmol/l, P < 0.01). Risk of hypoglycemia was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS. In type 2 diabetic patients who are intensively treated with insulin, the combination of insulin and metformin results in superior glycemic control compared with insulin therapy alone, while insulin requirements and weight gain are less

Nowcasting pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 hospitalizations in the Netherlands

During emerging epidemics of infectious diseases, it is vital to have up-to-date information on epidemic trends, such as incidence or health care demand, because hospitals and intensive care units have limited excess capacity. However, real-time tracking of epidemics is difficult, because of the inherent delay between onset of symptoms or hospitalizations, and reporting. We propose a robust algorithm to correct for reporting delays, using the observed distribution of reporting delays. We apply the algorithm to pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 hospitalizations as reported in the Netherlands. We show that the proposed algorithm is able to provide unbiased predictions of the actual number of hospitalizations in real-time during the ascent and descent of the epidemic. The real-time predictions of admissions are useful to adjust planning in hospitals to avoid exceeding their capacity

Transmission of Novel Influenza A(H1N1) in Households with Post-Exposure Antiviral Prophylaxis

BACKGROUND: Despite impressive advances in our understanding of the biology of novel influenza A(H1N1) virus, little is as yet known about its transmission efficiency in close contact places such as households, schools, and workplaces. These are widely believed to be key in supporting propagating spread, and it is therefore of importance to assess the transmission levels of the virus in such settings. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We estimate the transmissibility of novel influenza A(H1N1) in 47 households in the Netherlands using stochastic epidemic models. All households contained a laboratory confirmed index case, and antiviral drugs (oseltamivir) were given to both the index case and other households members within 24 hours after detection of the index case. Among the 109 household contacts there were 9 secondary infections in 7 households. The overall estimated secondary attack rate is low (0.075, 95%CI: 0.037-0.13). There is statistical evidence indicating that older persons are less susceptible to infection than younger persons (relative susceptibility of older persons: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.024-0.43. Notably, the secondary attack rate from an older to a younger person is 0.35 (95%CI: 0.14-0.61) when using an age classification of <or=12 versus >12 years, and 0.28 (95%CI: 0.12-0.50) when using an age classification of <or=18 versus >18 years. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that the overall household transmission levels of novel influenza A(H1N1) in antiviral-treated households were low in the early stage of the epidemic. The relatively high rate of adult-to-child transmission indicates that control measures focused on this transmission route will be most effective in minimizing the total number of infections

Case of seasonal reassortant a(H1N2) influenza virus infection, the Netherlands, March 2018

A seasonal reassortant A(H1N2) influenza virus harbouring genome segments from seasonal influenza viruses A(H1N1)pdm09 (HA and NS) and A(H3N2) (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA and M) was identified in March 2018 in a 19-months-old patient with influenza-like illness (ILI) who presented to a general practitioner participating in the routine sentinel surveillance of ILI in the Netherlands. The patient recovered fully. Further epidemiological and virological investigation did not reveal additional cases

Identification of regulatory variants associated with genetic susceptibility to meningococcal disease.

Non-coding genetic variants play an important role in driving susceptibility to complex diseases but their characterization remains challenging. Here, we employed a novel approach to interrogate the genetic risk of such polymorphisms in a more systematic way by targeting specific regulatory regions relevant for the phenotype studied. We applied this method to meningococcal disease susceptibility, using the DNA binding pattern of RELA - a NF-kB subunit, master regulator of the response to infection - under bacterial stimuli in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. We designed a custom panel to cover these RELA binding sites and used it for targeted sequencing in cases and controls. Variant calling and association analysis were performed followed by validation of candidate polymorphisms by genotyping in three independent cohorts. We identified two new polymorphisms, rs4823231 and rs11913168, showing signs of association with meningococcal disease susceptibility. In addition, using our genomic data as well as publicly available resources, we found evidences for these SNPs to have potential regulatory effects on ATXN10 and LIF genes respectively. The variants and related candidate genes are relevant for infectious diseases and may have important contribution for meningococcal disease pathology. Finally, we described a novel genetic association approach that could be applied to other phenotypes

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection are often non-specific, and there is no definitive test for the accurate diagnosis of infection. The 'omics' approaches to identifying biomarkers from the host-response to bacterial infection are promising. In this study, lipidomic analysis was carried out with plasma samples obtained from febrile children with confirmed bacterial infection (n = 20) and confirmed viral infection (n = 20). We show for the first time that bacterial and viral infection produces distinct profile in the host lipidome. Some species of glycerophosphoinositol, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and cholesterol sulfate were higher in the confirmed virus infected group, while some species of fatty acids, glycerophosphocholine, glycerophosphoserine, lactosylceramide and bilirubin were lower in the confirmed virus infected group when compared with confirmed bacterial infected group. A combination of three lipids achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.911 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.98). This pilot study demonstrates the potential of metabolic biomarkers to assist clinicians in distinguishing bacterial from viral infection in febrile children, to facilitate effective clinical management and to the limit inappropriate use of antibiotics