Euripide: misoginia o ginofobia?

Ripercorrendo le origini della civiltà, è possibile identificare un momento storico in cui la società era matriarcale. Analizzando le figure femminili presenti nelle tragedie di Euripide, possiamo comprendere il timore che prova l’autore di un ipotetico ritorno al predominio della donna sull’uomo e interpretarne le ragioni. Euripide, poi, si serve della catarsi per scongiurare tale eventualità.If we go back to the origins of civilization, we find an historic moment characterized by matriarchal society. Through the analysis of the feminine figures of Euripides’ tragedies, we can understand he fears an hypothetic return to woman’s predominance on man and we can interpret his reasons. Moreover, Euripides makes use of catharsis to prevent this possibility

A reduced-order lie group-based race car model for systematic trajectory optimization on 3D tracks

This paper derives the dynamic equations of a reduced-order race-car model using Lie-group methods. While these methods are familiar to computational dynamicists and roboticists, their adoption in the vehicle dynamics community is limited. We address this gap by demonstrating how this framework integrates smoothly with the Articulated-Body Algorithm (ABA) and provides a fresh and systematic formulation of vehicle dynamics. For the first time, we model the car body as the end effector of a serial robot with a floating base connected to the track via virtual revolute and prismatic joints. Our formulation also accounts for the effects of 3D track geometry, providing a natural embedding of the car into the 3D track. We rigorously reconcile the ABA steps with key aspects of vehicle dynamics, including road-tire interactions, aerodynamic forces, and load transfers. The resulting model, simple yet accurate, is a powerful tool to efficiently solve Minimum-Lap-Time Planning problems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we show numerical results obtained on the Nürburgring circuit. Our optimization problem is formulated via a direct collocation method and solved using the CasADi optimization suite. To validate the results, we test our reduced-order model against a full-fledged multi-body model recently developed by the same authors. The comparison confirms the validity of our reduced-order model, proving both the accuracy of the solution and the computational efficiency achieved

Jóvenes marcados: vínculos entre el proceso de la sobre-estigmatización y el de la sobre-criminalización

El presente trabajo propone indagar sobre el proceso de la sobre-estigmatización a partir de las motivaciones sobre las cuales se adjudican a determinados grupos de jóvenes del conurbano Bonaerense ciertas marcas corporales identificando una conducta negativa tendiente a generar malestar social en su territorio de pertenencia, signado por la precarización de los lazos sociales, la marginalidad y la pobreza, observando que dicho proceso opera en el accionar de las fuerzas estatales encargadas de la seguridad al momento de llevar a cabo la empresa criminalizante. Pues bien, en virtud de lo expuesto se sustenta lo que se denomina como “olfato policial”, dado que es construido con el auxilio del “olfato social”. La sobre-estigmatización se llevan a cabo a partir de las representaciones y configuraciones que intervienen al momento de definir y dar respuesta al conflicto social predeterminado en y entre los distintos actores del territorio. Resultando aquí significativa la praxis en el accionar de los funcionarios de las fuerzas estatales encargadas de la seguridad, que lleva a cabo con el auxilio e un sector social que la legitima. Bajo dicho proceso se contempla a un “otro” como un desviado que se encuentra por fuera de la ley, un delincuente que merece represión, pena, castigo y exclusión.Este fenómeno remite a considerar las conflictividades sociales que se encuentran en un contexto de complejidad social y que culmina en la sobre-criminalización.En este marco, se evaluará los efectos de la sobre-estigmatización y su correlato en la dinámica de la sobre-criminalización.Mesa 33: Crimen y castigo. Conflictividades, ilegalismos, justicias y control social (Siglos XIX a XXI)Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Jóvenes marcados: vínculos entre el proceso de la sobre-estigmatización y el de la sobre-criminalización

El presente trabajo propone indagar sobre el proceso de la sobre-estigmatización a partir de las motivaciones sobre las cuales se adjudican a determinados grupos de jóvenes del conurbano Bonaerense ciertas marcas corporales identificando una conducta negativa tendiente a generar malestar social en su territorio de pertenencia, signado por la precarización de los lazos sociales, la marginalidad y la pobreza, observando que dicho proceso opera en el accionar de las fuerzas estatales encargadas de la seguridad al momento de llevar a cabo la empresa criminalizante. Pues bien, en virtud de lo expuesto se sustenta lo que se denomina como “olfato policial”, dado que es construido con el auxilio del “olfato social”. La sobre-estigmatización se llevan a cabo a partir de las representaciones y configuraciones que intervienen al momento de definir y dar respuesta al conflicto social predeterminado en y entre los distintos actores del territorio. Resultando aquí significativa la praxis en el accionar de los funcionarios de las fuerzas estatales encargadas de la seguridad, que lleva a cabo con el auxilio e un sector social que la legitima. Bajo dicho proceso se contempla a un “otro” como un desviado que se encuentra por fuera de la ley, un delincuente que merece represión, pena, castigo y exclusión.Este fenómeno remite a considerar las conflictividades sociales que se encuentran en un contexto de complejidad social y que culmina en la sobre-criminalización.En este marco, se evaluará los efectos de la sobre-estigmatización y su correlato en la dinámica de la sobre-criminalización.Mesa 33: Crimen y castigo. Conflictividades, ilegalismos, justicias y control social (Siglos XIX a XXI)Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Cyberdrugs: a cross-sectional study of online pharmacies characteristics

As e-commerce and online pharmacies (OPs) arose, the potential impact of the Internet on the world of health shifted from merely the spread of information to a real opportunity to acquire health services directly. Aim of the study was to investigate the offer of prescription drugs in OPs, analysing their characteristics, using the content analysis method. The research performed using the Google search engine led to an analysis of 118 online pharmacies. Only 51 (43.2%) of them stated their precise location. Ninety-six (81.4%) online pharmacies did not require a medical prescription from the customer's physician. Online pharmacies rise complex issues in terms of patient-doctor relationship, consumer empowerment, drug quality, regulation and public health implication

Tyrosine 65 is photolabeled by 8-azidoadenine and 8-azidoadenosine at the NAD binding site of diphtheria toxin.

8-Azidoadenine and 8-azidoadenosine, two photoactivatable derivatives of adenine and adenosine, are competitive inhibitors of diphtheria toxin of similar potency with respect to their parent compounds. On irradiation, the two tritium-labeled photoactivatable azidoadenines bind covalently and specifically to an enzymic fragment of diphtheria toxin that is known to bind to NAD. This photolabeling is protected by the enzyme substrate NAD. The radiolabeled protein was fragmented, and the radioactive fragments were sequenced. Tyr-65 is labeled specifically by both photoreagents, and its labeling was reduced strongly when NAD was present during irradiation. Labeling is also reduced strongly by adenine, adenosine, and nicotinamide. These results suggest that Tyr-65 is at the NAD binding site of diphtheria toxin and that the competitive inhibitors adenine, adenosine, and nicotinamide bind to the same portion of the catalytic center of the toxin

Construcción de ciudadanía en los jóvenes de los sectores desaventajados

El Proyecto aborda a partir de estudios de casos las problemáticas vinculadas al ejercicio de la ciudadanía a partir del fortalecimiento de los recursos humanos de las organizaciones territoriales. Uno de los sectores objeto de las prácticas policiales abusivas, discriminatorias y violentas son los jóvenes de barrios pobres. A través de éstas prácticas, muchas veces naturalizadas, no sólo se vulneran derechos, sino que se los va despojando de las referencias jurídicas para que puedan hacer valer sus derechos. En el marco del Proyecto, se están realizando una serie de talleres semanales conjuntamente con el Colectivo Juguetes Perdidos y en los que participan alrededor de 18 jóvenes. La realización de talleres supone: desnaturalizar las prácticas policiales, identificarlas como rutinas sistemáticas a través de las cuales se práctica, el despojo de derechos y referenciar a las organizaciones sociales del barrio como instituciones susceptibles de agregar esos problemas y representar a los jóvenes en los conflictos que tienen con las agencias policiales. Asimismo, emprendemos la articulación entre la Universidad y los sectores populares mediante la transferencia y construcción colectiva de conocimientos por medio de estrategias de comunicación y educación popular. Dicha labor se encuentra llevando a cabo con la realización de un taller semanal en la que todos los integrantes participan activamente de las actividades planificadas con el propósito de establecer lazos de confianza para que los participantes relaten sus experiencias, discutan sobre las distintas interpretaciones de las temáticas y problemáticas y analicen sus distintas posibilidades. En éste sentido, la estrategia se basa en tomar los saberes previos de los participantes a través de sus propios discursos. Por otro lado, el producto de éste trabajo se orienta a la realización de un cortometraje en el que se adviertan estrategias frente a situaciones abusivas, discriminatorias y violentas. Finalmente, quisiéramos destacar que nuestra intervención y experiencia se encuentra articulada con la organización cultural Juguetes Perdidos, desarrollándose en Don Orione, uno de los barrios monoblocks más importante del sudoeste del Conurbano Bonaerense, situado en el Partido de Almirante Brown, en el que alberga casi ochenta mil personas

Identification of NAD interacting residues in proteins

Background: Small molecular cofactors or ligands play a crucial role in the proper functioning of cells. Accurate annotation of their target proteins and binding sites is required for the complete understanding of reaction mechanisms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ or NAD) is one of the most commonly used organic cofactors in living cells, which plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, storage and regulatory processes. In the past, several NAD binding proteins (NADBP) have been reported in the literature, which are responsible for a wide-range of activities in the cell. Attempts have been made to derive a rule for the binding of NAD+ to its target proteins. However, so far an efficient model could not be derived due to the time consuming process of structure determination, and limitations of similarity based approaches. Thus a sequence and non-similarity based method is needed to characterize the NAD binding sites to help in the annotation. In this study attempts have been made to predict NAD binding proteins and their interacting residues (NIRs) from amino acid sequence using bioinformatics tools. Results: We extracted 1556 proteins chains from 555 NAD binding proteins whose structure is available in Protein Data Bank. Then we removed all redundant protein chains and finally obtained 195 non-redundant NAD binding protein chains, where no two chains have more than 40% sequence identity. In this study all models were developed and evaluated using five-fold cross validation technique on the above dataset of 195 NAD binding proteins. While certain type of residues are preferred (e.g. Gly, Tyr, Thr, His) in NAD interaction, residues like Ala, Glu, Leu, Lys are not preferred. A support vector machine (SVM) based method has been developed using various window lengths of amino acid sequence for predicting NAD interacting residues and obtained maximum Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) 0.47 with accuracy 74.13% at window length 17. We also developed a SVM based method using evolutionary information in the form of position specific scoring matrix (PSSM) and obtained maximum MCC 0.75 with accuracy 87.25%. Conclusion: For the first time a sequence-based method has been developed for the prediction of NAD binding proteins and their interacting residues, in the absence of any prior structural information. The present model will aid in the understanding of NAD+ dependent mechanisms of action in the cell. To provide service to the scientific community, we have developed a user-friendly web server, which is available from URL http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/nadbinder/

Mucosal Adjuvanticity and Immunogenicity of LTR72, a Novel Mutant of Escherichia coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin with Partial Knockout of ADP-ribosyltransferase Activity

Heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT) has the innate property of being a strong mucosal immunogen and adjuvant. In the attempt to reduce toxicity and maintain the useful immunological properties, several LT mutants have been produced. Some of these are promising mucosal adjuvants. However, so far, only those that were still toxic maintained full adjuvanticity. In this paper we describe a novel LT mutant with greatly reduced toxicity that maintains most of the adjuvanticity. The new mutant (LTR72), that contains a substitution Ala → Arg in position 72 of the A subunit, showed only 0.6% of the LT enzymatic activity, was 100,000-fold less toxic than wild-type LT in Y1 cells in vitro, and was at least 20 times less effective than wild-type LT in the rabbit ileal loop assay in vivo. At a dose of 1 μg, LTR72 exhibited a mucosal adjuvanticity, similar to that observed with wild-type LT, better than that induced by the nontoxic, enzymatically inactive LTK63 mutant, and much greater than that of the recombinant B subunit. This trend was consistent for both the amounts and kinetics of the antibody induced, and priming of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. The data suggest that the innate high adjuvanticity of LT derives from the independent contribution of the nontoxic AB complex and the enzymatic activity. LTR72 optimizes the use of both properties: the enzymatic activity for which traces are enough, and the nontoxic AB complex, the effect of which is dose dependent. In fact, in dose–response experiments in mice, 20 μg of LTR72 were a stronger mucosal adjuvant than wild-type LT. This suggests that LTR72 may be an excellent candidate to be tested in clinical trials