A Smart Switch Configuration and Reliability Assessment Method for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Collector System

With the development of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in far-offshore and deep-sea areas, each OWF could contain more and more wind turbines and cables, making it imperative to study high-reliability electrical collector system (ECS) for OWF. Enlightened by active distribution network, for OWF, we propose an ECS switch configuration that enables post-fault network recovery, along with a reliability assessment (RA) method based on optimization models. It can also determine the optimal normal state and network reconfiguration strategies to maximize ECS reliability. Case studies on several OWFs demonstrate that the proposed RA method is more computationally efficient and accurate than the traditional sequential Monte-Carlo simulation method. Moreover, the proposed switch configuration, in conjunction with the network reconfiguration strategy and proper topology, provides significant benefits to ECS reliability.Comment: 10 page

Test_cases_for_analytical_reliability_assessment_for_electrical_collector_system_of_large-scale_offshore_wind_farm_based_on_mixed-integer_linear_programming.xlsx

This dataset contains the parameter settings for test cases in "Analytical Reliability Assessment for Electrical Collector System of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farm Based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming"</p

Study on the Efficiency of On-Site Sludge Reduction Using Ti/SnO2-Sb and Ti/RuO2-IrO2 Electrodes Based on a Cell Lysis-Cryptic Growth System

The present study investigated the parameters and the mechanism of action of electrochemical cell lysis to reduce the return sludge from secondary settlers based on the theory of cell lysis-cryptic growth. The factors influencing the functioning of two electrodes (Ti/SnO2-Sb and Ti/RuO2-IrO2) were investigated to determine the optimal cell lysis parameters for each electrode, and the effects of the two electrodes on cell lysis were compared under these conditions. Finally, the Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode was selected for the subsequent experiments. The electrolysis reaction was performed using the following parameters: the initial sludge concentration was 7000 mg/L, the working voltage was 18 V, the plate spacing was 1 cm, the initial pH was 6.8 to 7.0, and the electrolysis duration was 90 min. The degree of disintegration of the sludge and the cell lysis rate reached 25.35% and 20.15%, respectively. In summary, electrochemical cell lysis has a good prospect for sludge reduction

Study on the Efficiency of On-Site Sludge Reduction Using Ti/SnO₂-Sb and Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ Electrodes Based on a Cell Lysis-Cryptic Growth System

The present study investigated the parameters and the mechanism of action of electrochemical cell lysis to reduce the return sludge from secondary settlers based on the theory of cell lysis-cryptic growth. The factors influencing the functioning of two electrodes (Ti/SnO2-Sb and Ti/RuO2-IrO2) were investigated to determine the optimal cell lysis parameters for each electrode, and the effects of the two electrodes on cell lysis were compared under these conditions. Finally, the Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode was selected for the subsequent experiments. The electrolysis reaction was performed using the following parameters: the initial sludge concentration was 7000 mg/L, the working voltage was 18 V, the plate spacing was 1 cm, the initial pH was 6.8 to 7.0, and the electrolysis duration was 90 min. The degree of disintegration of the sludge and the cell lysis rate reached 25.35% and 20.15%, respectively. In summary, electrochemical cell lysis has a good prospect for sludge reduction

Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Amphiphilic Assemblies through Simple Postpolymerization Modifications

A strategy to construct different stimuli-responsive polymers from postpolymerization modifications of a single polymer scaffold via thiol–disulfide exchange has been developed. Here, we report on a random copolymer that enables the design and syntheses of a series of dual or multi-stimuli-responsive nanoassemblies using a simple postpolymerization modification step. The reactive functional group involves a side chain monopyridyl disulfide unit, which rapidly and quantitatively reacts with various thiols under mild conditions. Independent and concurrent incorporation of physical, chemical, or biologically responsive properties have been demonstrated. We envision that this strategy may open up opportunities to simplify the synthesis of multifunctional polymers with broad implications in a variety of biological applications

Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil

Fast-growth of single crystal monolayer graphene by CVD using methane and hydrogen has been achieved on ???homemade??? single crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils over large area. Full coverage was achieved in 5 min or less for a particular range of composition (1.3 at.% to 8.6 at.% Ni), as compared to 60 min for a pure Cu(111) foil under identical growth conditions. These are the bulk atomic percentages of Ni, as a superstructure at the surface of these foils with stoichiometry Cu6Ni1 (for 1.3 to 7.8 bulk at.% Ni in the Cu/Ni(111) foil) was discovered by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Complete large area monolayer graphene films are either single crystal or close to single crystal, and include folded regions that are essentially parallel and that were likely wrinkles that ???fell over??? to bind to the surface; these folds are separated by large, wrinkle-free regions. The folds occur due to the buildup of interfacial compressive stress (and its release) during cooling of the foils from 1075 ??C to room temperature. The fold heights measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) prove them to all be 3 layers thick, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows them to be around 10 to 300 nm wide and separated by roughly 20 ??m. These folds are always essentially perpendicular to the steps in this Cu/Ni(111) substrate. Joining of well-aligned graphene islands (in growths that were terminated prior to full film coverage) was investigated with high magnification SEM and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as AFM, STM, and optical microscopy. These methods show that many of the ???join regions??? have folds, and these arise from interfacial adhesion mechanics (they are due to the buildup of compressive stress during cool-down, but these folds are different than for the continuous graphene films&amp;#8212;they occur due to ???weak links??? in terms of the interface mechanics). Such Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils are promising substrates for the large-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene film