Numerical approximation of statistical solutions of scalar conservation laws

We propose efficient numerical algorithms for approximating statistical solutions of scalar conservation laws. The proposed algorithms combine finite volume spatio-temporal approximations with Monte Carlo and multi-level Monte Carlo discretizations of the probability space. Both sets of methods are proved to converge to the entropy statistical solution. We also prove that there is a considerable gain in efficiency resulting from the multi-level Monte Carlo method over the standard Monte Carlo method. Numerical experiments illustrating the ability of both methods to accurately compute multi-point statistical quantities of interest are also presented

Healthy lifestyle of children in an athletic hobby group

The target of the bachelor's thesis is to find out the way of life of children who attend the athletics hobby club and to compare their daily routine with generally valid recommendations that should be followed if we want to live a healthy and quality life. Finally, after evaluating the results of the case study, propose appropriate adjustments and changes leading to an increase in the quality of life or an improvement in sports performance. The theoretical part is dedicated to clarifying a healthy lifestyle and defines generally valid recommendations that a person should follow if they want to live a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, the theoretical part is devoted to the topic of educating children about health in schools, comparing the way of life in history and today. The practical part takes over knowledge from the theoretical part and, using a case study, finds out how children live in an athletics hobby club. The results of the analysis are then compared with generally valid recommendations. The children are then given recommendations for improvement based on the results of the analysis during the interview. KEYWORDS Free time, athletics, hobby group, healthy lifestyle, sport and movement, older school ageCílem bakalářské práce je zjistit, jakým způsobem života žijí děti, které navštěvují kroužek atletiky a porovnat jejich denní režim s obecně platnými doporučeními, které je vhodné dodržovat, pokud chceme žít zdravě a kvalitně. Následně po zhodnocení výstupů případové studie navrhnout vhodné úpravy a změny vedoucí k zvýšení kvality života či zlepšení sportovního výkonu. Teoretická část se věnuje objasnění zdravého životního stylu a definuje obecně platná doporučení, které má člověk dodržovat, pokud chce žít zdravým způsobem života. Dále se teoretická část věnuje tématu vzdělávání dětí o zdraví ve školách porovnání způsobu života v historii a v dnešní době. Praktická část přebírá poznatky z teoretické části a s využitím případové studie zjišťuje, jakým způsobem žijí děti na zájmovém kroužku atletiky. Výsledky analýzy jsou pak porovnány s obecně platnými doporučeními. Dětem jsou pak na základě výsledků analýzy během rozhovoru předána doporučení ke zlepšení. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Volný čas, atletika, zájmový útvar, zdravý životní styl, sport a pohyb, starší školní věkKatedra pedagogikyFaculty of EducationPedagogická fakult

Bio- and chronostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic Reifling Formation of the westernmost Northern Calcareous Alps

New finds of fossils including bivalves, ammonoids, brachiopods and palynomorphs from the Middle Triassic Reifling Formation significantly improve the age assignment for this unit in Liechtenstein and Vorarlberg. The lower part of the Reifling Formation is tentatively referred to the Late Anisian Paraceratites trinodosus Zone and somewhat older levels, whereas the uppermost part reaches the Ladinian Protrachyceras archelaus Zone (ammonoid zonation). The Middle Triassic successions of the study area are correlated with the coeval South Alpine reference section at Bagolino (Brescian Prealps), which also bears the Ladinian GSSP. The comparison shows that the Reifling Formation in the study area is age-equivalent with the South Alpine Prezzo Limestone and the Buchenstein Formation. A volcanoclastic layer in the upper part of the Reifling Formation at Flexenpass yields a U-Pb zircon age of 239.3 +/- 0.2 Ma. This value is slightly older than previously published minimum ages from equivalent horizons in the Southern Alps; the difference is thought to be mainly due to improved pre-treatment of zircons (annealing/chemical abrasion), which significantly reduces the effects of Pb loss. The new radio-isotope age further constrains the stratigraphical age of the Reifling Formation and supports the proposed biostratigraphy-based correlation of Middle Triassic successions in the Eastern and Southern Alp

Geometry and chronology of growth and drowning of Middle Triassic carbonate platforms (Cernera and Bivera/Clapsavon) in the Southern Alps (northern Italy)

Abstract.: The depositional architecture and the geometric relationships between platform-slope deposits and basinal sediments along with paleontological evidence indicate the time interval of the younger Anisian Reitziites reitzi ammonoid zone to largely represent the main stage of platform aggradation at the Cernera and Bivera/Clapsavon carbonate platforms. Published and new U-Pb age data of zircons from volcaniclastic layers bracketing the stratigraphic interval of platform growth constrain the duration of platform evolution to a time span shorter than 1.8±0.7m.y., probably in the order of 0.5-1m.y., reflecting fast rates of vertical platform aggradation exceeding 500 m/m.y. In the range of growth potentials for shallow-water carbonate systems estimated in relation to the time span of observation, this high rate is in agreement with values for short intervals of 105-106yrs (e.g., Schlager 1999). After drowning, the platforms at Cernera and Bivera/Clapsavon were blanketed by thin pelagic carbonates. On the former platform flanks the draping sediments in places comprise red nodular pelagic limestones (Clapsavon Limestone) similar in facies to the Han Bulog Limestones occurring elsewhere in Middle Triassic successions of the Mediterranean Tethys. The drowning of vast areas of former carbonate platforms possibly triggered the onset of bottom-water circulation in adjacent basins as suggested by the abrupt transition from laminated to bioturbated pelagic nodular limestones in the Buchenstein Formation which occurred close to the time of initial platform submergence. During the Late Ladinian the topographic features of the drowned platforms were onlapped by rapidly deposited, predominantly clastic successions including coarse breccias and volcanic rocks sealing and preserving the peculiar stratigraphic settin

Self Assembled Monolayers of novel Thiols

Mittels sechsfachem flame annealing sind die Oberflächen rauher Gold Arrandee Substrate zu Au(111) Oberflächen mit geringer Rauhigkeit umgewandelt worden. Diese so behandelten Goldsubstrate konnten erfolgreich im Self Assembling von literaturbekannten Molekülen, wie 1-Dodecanthiol und 2,5-Di(phenylethynyl-4'-thioacetyl)benzol, eingesetzt werden. Weiterhin wurden 1-Dodecyl-thioacetat, 1-Dodecyl-tert-butyl-thioether und Ferrocen-1,1'-dithiol ebenfalls erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die Charakterisierung erfolgte mittels Kontaktwinkelmessungen, Ellipsometrie, GIR-FTIR und STM. Ausheilungs- bzw. Reorganisationseffekte, welche durch die Schutzgruppen beeinflusst werden, sind in dieser Arbeit quantifiziert worden. Die Kinetik von 1-Dodecanthiol, 1-Dodecyl-thioacetat und 1-Dodecyl-tert-butyl-thioether wurde mittels Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) in der Kretschman-Anordnung untersucht. 1-Dodecyl-thioacetat und 1-Dodecyl-tert-butyl-thioether zeigten Reorganisationseffekte, die in der Kinetik von 1-Dodecanthiol nicht nachgewiesen wurden. Die Schutzgruppen verlangsamen die Reaktion und nach Erreichen einer maximalen Schichtdicke sank diese wiederum leicht ab. Der Betrag der Schichtdickenabnahme lässt vermuten, dass das intakte Molekül auf dem Substrat physisorbiert, bevor die Schutzgruppe abgespalten wird. Zur Quantifizierung dieser Reorganisationseffekte wurde die Langmuir Gleichung erweitert. Der hierbei eingeführte Reorganisationsparameter ist ein Maß für die Geschwindigkeit, in der die Ausheilung bzw. Reorganisation verläuft. Für 1-Dodecyl-thioacetat sind wie erwartet deutlich höhere Zahlenwerte als beim 1-Dodecanthiol beobachtet worden, wobei der Einfluss auf die ursprünglichen Parameter, wie z.B. die Geschwindigkeitskonstante aus der Langmuir-Gleichung, bisher noch ungeklärt ist. Diese Parameter wurden für verschiedenen Schutzgruppen (1-Dodecyl mit -SH, -SAc und -tert-Butyl) ermittelt und der Einfluss miteinander verglichen. Erste Tendenzen waren deutlich erkennbar.With flame annealing smooth Au(111) surfaces are created from rough Gold Arrandee surfaces. These substrates are successfully used in self assembling of known molecules like 1-dodecanethiol and 2,5-Di(phenylethynyle-4'-thioacetyle)benzene. 1-Dodecyle-thioacetate, 1-Dodecyle-tert-butyle-thioether and Ferrocene-1,1'-dithiole were also used successfully. The characterization was utilized with contact angles measurements, ellipsometry, GIR-FTIR and STM. The kinetics of 1-Dodecanethiol, 1-Dodecyle-thioacetate and 1-Dodecyl-tert-butyle-thioether were observed using Surface Plasmon Resonace (SPR) in the Kretschman configuration. The aforementioned healing and reorganisation effects were found in the kinetics of 1-Dodecyl-thioacetate and 1-Dodecyl-tert-butyle-thioether in contrast to the one of 1-Dodecanethiol. The protective groups slows the reactions and after the film thickness reached its maximum it decreased again. The reason may be the physisorption of the intact molecule on the substrate immediately before the cleavage of the protective group from the molecule. This is supported by the amount of the decrease of the film thickness. To quantify these reorganisation effects the Langmuir equation has been extended. The inserted reorganisation parameter shows us how fast this healing respectively the reorganisation goes on. For the 1-Dodecyle-thioacetate, significantly higher values than for the 1-Dodecanethiol were found, but the influence on the original parameters like the rate-constant from Langmuir's equation is not yet fully understood. These parameters were determined for molecules with different protective groups (1-Dodecyle with -SH, -SAc and -tert-butyle) and the influence of these headgroups compared with each other. First tendencies became apparent

Empirical evidence for stability of the 405-kiloyear Jupiter-Venus eccentricity cycle over hundreds of millions of years

The Newark–Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity timescale (APTS) was developed using a theoretically constant 405-kiloyear eccentricity cycle linked to gravitational interactions with Jupiter–Venus as a tuning target and provides a major timing calibration for about 30 million years of Late Triassic and earliest Jurassic time. While the 405-ky cycle is both unimodal and the most metronomic of the major orbital cycles thought to pace Earth’s climate in numerical solutions, there has been little empirical confirmation of that behavior, especially back before the limits of orbital solutions at about 50 million years before present. Moreover, the APTS is anchored only at its younger end by U–Pb zircon dates at 201.6 million years before present and could even be missing a number of 405-ky cycles. To test the validity of the dangling APTS and orbital periodicities, we recovered a diagnostic magnetic polarity sequence in the volcaniclastic-bearing Chinle Formation in a scientific drill core from Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona) that provides an unambiguous correlation to the APTS. New high precision U–Pb detrital zircon dates from the core are indistinguishable from ages predicted by the APTS back to 215 million years before present. The agreement shows that the APTS is continuous and supports a stable 405-kiloyear cycle well beyond theoretical solutions. The validated Newark–Hartford APTS can be used as a robust framework to help differentiate provinciality from global temporal patterns in the ecological rise of early dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, amongst other problems

The Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP): 100 Million Years of Earth System History

Lasting over 100 million years, the early Mesozoic (252 to 145 Ma) is punctuated by two of the five major mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic (Permo-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic) plus several smaller extinction events. It witnessed the evolutionary appearance of the modem terrestrial biota including frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds, and mammals, and spans a time of dramatic climate changes on the continents. What is arguably the richest record of these events lies in the vast (- 2.5 million km2) complex of epicontinental basins in the western part of Pangea, now largely preserved on the Colorado Plateau (Fig.l). Since the mid-19th century, classic studies of these basins, their strata, and their fossils have made this succession instrumental in framing our context of the early Mesozoic Earth system as reflected in the international literature. Despite this long and distinguished history of study of the Colorado Plateau region, striking ambiguities in temporal resolution, major uncertainties in global correlations, and significant doubts about paleolatitudinal position hamper incorporation of the huge amount of information from the region into-tests of major competing climatic, biotic, and tectonic hypotheses and a fundamental understanding of Earth system processes

Abolishing spontaneous epileptiform activity in human brain tissue through AMPA receptor inhibition

Objective: The amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is increasingly recognized as a therapeutic target in drug-refractory pediatric epilepsy. Perampanel (PER) is a non-competitive AMPAR antagonist, and pre-clinical studies have shown the AMPAR-mediated anticonvulsant effects of decanoic acid (DEC), a major medium-chain fatty acid provided in the medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet. Methods: Using brain tissue resected from children with intractable epilepsy, we recorded the effects of PER and DEC in vitro. Results: We found resected pediatric epilepsy tissue exhibits spontaneous epileptic activity in vitro, and showed that DEC and PER inhibit this epileptiform activity in local field potential recordings as well as excitatory synaptic transmission. Interpretation: This study confirms AMPAR antagonists inhibit epileptiform discharges in brain tissue resected in a wide range of pediatric epilepsies

Origin of two types of rhyolites in the Tarim Large Igneous Province: Consequences of incubation and melting of a mantle plume

The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province (LIP) in northwestern China contains a large area of silicic volcanics (similar to 48,000 km(2)) which are spatially and temporally associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks. In order to understand the behavior of crust above a mantle plume, selected rhyolitic samples are investigated in terms of U-Pb zircon dating, geochemical and isotopic analyses. The Tarim rhyolites have high A/CNK ratios (= molar Al2O3/CaO + Na2O + K2O), Fe#, Ga/Al ratios, concentrations of high field strength elements (HFSEs) such as Zr and Nb, and rare earth elements (REEs), along with high zircon saturation temperatures (872-940 degrees C), typical of aluminous A-type granitoids. Two contrasting rock types have been recognized. The low Nb-Ta type rhyolites are mainly associated with the first phase of the Tarim flood basalt magmatism at similar to 290 Ma. They are characterized by negative Nb-Ta anomalies, low epsilon(Nd)(t) and epsilon(Hf)(t) values, and high Sr-87/Sr-88(t) and delta(18) O-zircon values, consistent with a derivation from continental crustal source. The high Nb-Ta type rhyolites and their plutonic equivalents are associated with the second episode of Tarim magmatism (283-272 Ma). They are characterized by small negative to positive Nb-Ta anomalies, oceanic island basalt (0113)-like trace element ratios, low Sr-87/Sr-88(t) and high epsilon(Nd)(t) and epsilon(Hf)(t) values. These high Nb-Ta rhyolites are best interpreted as hybrid products of crystal fractionation of mafic magmas, coupled with crustal assimilation. The temporal and compositional evolution of the Tarim rhyolites reflects various extents of thermal and mass exchange between mantle-derived basaltic magma and crustal material above a mantle plume. When the plume head rises to the base of the Tarim craton, it first melts enriched components in the lithospheric mantle (similar to 290 Ma), part of which may have ponded near the crust-mantle boundary and induced crustal anatexis leading to the formation of the low Nb-Ta type rhyolites. At similar to 280 Ma, large magma chambers and plumbing systems were formed due to increasing magma supply rate during decompression melting of the mantle plume. This led to the formation of a mafic-ultramafic and felsic association of which the high Nb-Ta type rhyolites are a part. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All right reservedGeochemistry & GeophysicsMineralogySCI(E)[email protected],SI59-7220

Magnetochronology of the Entire Chinle Formation (Norian Age) in a Scientific Drill Core From Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA) and Implications for Regional and Global Correlations in the Late Triassic

Building on an earlier study that confirmed the stability of the 405‐kyr eccentricity climate cycle and the timing of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale back to 215 Ma, we extend the magnetochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation to its basal unconformity in scientific drill core PFNP‐1A from Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA). The 335‐m‐thick Chinle section is imprinted with paleomagnetic polarity zones PF1r to PF10n, which we correlate to chrons E17r to E9n (~209 to 224 Ma) of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale. A sediment accumulation rate of ~34 m/Myr can be extended down to ~270 m, close to the base of the Sonsela Member and the base of magnetozone PF5n, which we correlate to chron E14n that onsets at 216.16 Ma. Magnetozones PF5r to PF10n in the underlying 65‐m‐thick section of the mudstone‐dominated Blue Mesa and Mesa Redondo members plausibly correlate to chrons E13r to E9n, indicating a sediment accumulation rate of only ~10 m/Myr. Published high‐precision U‐Pb detrital zircon dates from the lower Chinle tend to be several million years older than the magnetochronological age model. The source of this discrepancy is unclear but may be due to sporadic introduction of juvenile zircons that get recycled. The new magnetochronological constraint on the base of the Sonsela Member brings the apparent timing of the included Adamanian‐ Revueltian land vertebrate faunal zone boundary and the Zone II to Zone III palynofloral transition closer to the temporal range of the ~215 Ma Manicouagan impact structure in Canada