Electronic Judicial Notice in Argentina. About implementation of New Technologies in Judicial Process

El uso de las nuevas tecnologías en el proceso judicial contribuye al fortalecimiento de la “eficacia” y “calidad” en la prestación del servicio de justicia, particularmente, no sólo en la reducción de tiempos y costos, para el Tribunal y las partes, sino también en el impacto ambiental para la sociedad. El Sistema de Notificación Electrónica avanzó de la gradualidad a la totalidad a través de la reglamentación por vía de acordadas de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación. Abogamos por una reforma en nuestro Código sobre la materia que recepte el cambio en el sistema. El sistema de notificación electrónica, por lo menos, en una primera etapa de implementación, -siguiendo la experiencia de la Provincia de Córdoba-, debería contemplar la figura del plazo de “aviso de término”, el cual flexibiliza (y extiende brevemente) el “cómputo” de los plazos procesales, hasta que el (novel) régimen se consolide en la comunidad forense. El sistema de notificación electrónica, siguiendo la experiencia de la Provincia de Neuquén, debería tener en cuenta el criterio de “usabilidad” de las TICs, en cuanto inciden en el acceso a la justicia de personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Abogamos por una reglamentación inclusiva de las personas con discapacidad. Debe procurarse eficacia sin desmedro de las garantías, y ante todo, buscar la tutela judicial de la persona humana y su dignidad en pos de humanizar el proceso Judicial. Proponemos la capacitación de usuarios y potenciales usuarios del servicio de justicia, y abrir un diálogo democrático entre los operadores jurídicos, judiciales, abogados y abogadas, y la sociedad, sobre la información pública respecto de la modernización del sistema. Proponemos su registro y medición de la calidad del sistema, que ofrezca una autoevaluación institucional, pero también un control del foro de abogados y de la sociedad, para propiciar mejoras con el tiempo.The use of TICs in judicial process contributes to strengthen efficacy and quality in Service of Justice, in particular reducing time and costs to the Judicial Branch, lawyers and parties, as well as environmental impact to society. The system of electronic judicial notice went from gradual to total with the National Supreme Court of Justice regulations. We plead to receipt this change in the system in our Codes. The system, at least in the beginning –following Córdoba’s experience- should take in consideration procedural terms of “term notice”, making more flexible (and gives a short plus term) computation of procedural terms, while this (novel) regime consolidate in the community. This system of electronic judicial notice following Neuquén’s experience receipting usability criteria of TICs as far as it affects access of justice of people in vulnerability conditions. We plead inclusive regulation of people with disabilities. Efficacy of judicial process shouldn’t be looked for without constitutional warrants, and humanize judicial process, allowing to have a judicial process that takes in consideration and respects human and his/her dignity. We propose education of users and potential users of Service of Justice, with a democratic dialogue between judicial, lawyers and society –with public information- about judicial modernizing system. We also propose registration and measure in order to have an institutional-auto-evaluation and control of law community and society to propose future improvements.Fil: Robledo, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales; Argentin

Los desafíos actuales de los órganos de control de constitucionalidad y convencionalidad en Argentina en el Siglo XXI: el rol de los órganos de control de constitucionalidad y convencionalidad

El presente trabajo se enmarca dentro del sistema de control de constitucionalidad (y convencionalidad), focalizándose en los sujetos —es decir, los órganos de control—. Al respecto, utilizamos el método de la argumentación jurídica, con la muestra paradigmática de dos casos de la CSJN, un caso de la Corte IDH y un caso de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de EE.UU. En particular, entendemos que los órganos de control de constitucionalidad y convencionalidad en Argentina en el siglo XXI, contribuyen a realizar nuestra manda preambular de afianzar la justicia.Fil: Robledo, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Supreme court of justice of Republic Argentina and lower courts 150 anniversary of federal law n° 27 (1862-2012) in the bicentennial of the Argentina national flag

En este trabajo celebramos el Sesquicentenario de la Ley Federal N°27, ley fundacional de la Justicia Nacional, aún vigente. El abordaje es desde la Teoría General del Proceso y desde el Derecho Procesal Civil y Comercial, con énfasis en el rostro histórico y el valor como patrimonio cultural que tiene nuestra Justicia Nacional.  En un período histórico fundacional intentamos poner de relieve algunos aspectos que ayudan a comprender el sentido y significado de la Justicia Federal en nuestro país, como ser la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación y los Tribunales Inferiores. El Alto Tribunal tuvo la misión de transformar la letra de la Constitución en acción.With this paper we want celebrate the Sesquicentennial of the Federal Act N°27, foundational act of the national justice, still in force. The perspective of this work is from the General Theory of Civil and Commercial Process, with particular reference to the Federal Justice’s historical face and cultural heritage value. In this historical foundational period of time, we try to highlight some aspects that help to understand the sense and meaning of the Federal Courts in our country, such as the Supreme Court of Justice and the lower courts. The High Court took the mission of transforming the letter of the Constitution in action.Fil: Robledo, Diego. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Avila Paz de Robledo, Rosa Angélica del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; Argentin

Genome-Wide Association and Genomic Selection for Resistance to Amoebic Gill Disease in Atlantic Salmon

Abstract Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the largest threats to salmon aquaculture, causing serious economic and animal welfare burden. Treatments can be expensive and environmentally damaging, hence the need for alternative strategies. Breeding for disease resistance can contribute to prevention and control of AGD, providing long-term cumulative benefits in selected stocks. The use of genomic selection can expedite selection for disease resistance due to improved accuracy compared to pedigree-based approaches. The aim of this work was to quantify and characterize genetic variation in AGD resistance in salmon, the genetic architecture of the trait, and the potential of genomic selection to contribute to disease control. An AGD challenge was performed in ∼1,500 Atlantic salmon, using gill damage and amoebic load as indicator traits for host resistance. Both traits are heritable (h2 ∼0.25-0.30) and show high positive correlation, indicating they may be good measurements of host resistance to AGD. While the genetic architecture of resistance appeared to be largely polygenic in nature, two regions on chromosome 18 showed suggestive association with both AGD resistance traits. Using a cross-validation approach, genomic prediction accuracy was up to 18% higher than that obtained using pedigree, and a reduction in marker density to ∼2,000 SNPs was sufficient to obtain accuracies similar to those obtained using the whole dataset. This study indicates that resistance to AGD is a suitable trait for genomic selection, and the addition of this trait to Atlantic salmon breeding programs can lead to more resistant stocks.</jats:p

Las patentes medicinales y el derecho a la salud en un mundo globalizado. El caso del sida

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Descripción de la capacidad funcional en niños de 8 a 10 años, a través del Test Five Sit-To-Stand de la comuna de Peñalolen, Santiago 2015

Tesis (Licenciatura en Kinesiología)La capacidad funcional, es el nivel de actividad física que puede realizar una persona1, y la actividad física es cualquier movimiento realizado por los músculos esqueléticos que generen un gasto energético.2 Al verse disminuida la capacidad de realizar actividad física en las personas, estas tendrán mayor probabilidad de generar patologías a nivel metabólico, cardiovascular, cognitivo y a nivel otros sistemas.1 Estos efectos perjudiciales suscitan un problema y un tema que requiere, estudio y análisis del caso debido al alza alarmante de obesidad a nivel mundial. En Chile a nivel de enseñanza básica por ejemplo el 40% de los niños tienen sobrepeso.3 Este estudio tiene como población objetivo niños de entre 8 a 10 años debido a la poca información bibliográfica disponible respecto a este tema y a que la disminución de la capacidad funcional a edades tempranas genera una predisposición negativa a tener complicaciones en múltiples sistemas, ser víctima de discriminación, hostilidad por parte del entorno, posibles estados depresivos, lo que llevaría al niño a caer en conductas sedentarias reiteradas a lo largo de su desarrollo.4 Por otro lado una mayor capacidad funcional actuará como un importante factor protector en la prevención de las patologías ya mencionadas. Existen distintas herramientas para medir la capacidad funcional, dentro de ellas está el “Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test”, el cual es una herramienta útil, ya que es fácil de aplicar, no requiere un entrenamiento previo, y es de fácil acceso.5 Y en razón de lo anterior es que consideramos pertinente evaluar la capacidad funcional a través de esta herramienta. Además creemos que fue necesario realizarlo en niños dado que hay poca evidencia sobre la capacidad funcional en estos, y la evaluación de esta variable seria la evaluación de un factor protector importante de la salud de estos en su futuro

RNA-seq analysis of early enteromyxosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): new insights into parasite invasion and immune evasion strategies

Enteromyxum scophthalmi, an intestinal myxozoan parasite, is the causative agent of a threatening disease for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture. The colonisation of the digestive tract by this parasite leads to a cachectic syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This myxosporidiosis has a long pre-patent period and the first detectable clinical and histopathological changes are subtle. The pathogenic mechanisms acting in the early stages of infection are still far from being fully understood. Further information on the host–parasite interaction is needed to assist in finding efficient preventive and therapeutic measures. Here, a RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of head kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca from experimentally-infected and control turbot was performed. Only infected fish with early signs of infection, determined by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of E. scophthalmi, were selected. The RNA-seq analysis revealed, as expected, less intense transcriptomic changes than those previously found during later stages of the disease. Several genes involved in IFN-related pathways were up-regulated in the three organs, suggesting that the IFN-mediated immune response plays a main role in this phase of the disease. Interestingly, an opposite expression pattern had been found in a previous study on severely infected turbot. In addition, possible strategies for immune system evasion were suggested by the down-regulation of different genes encoding complement components and acute phase proteins. At the site of infection (pyloric caeca), modulation of genes related to different structural proteins was detected and the expression profile indicated the inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation. These transcriptomic changes provide indications regarding the mechanisms of parasite attachment to and invasion of the host. The current results contribute to a better knowledge of the events that characterise the early stages of turbot enteromyxosis and provide valuable information to identify molecular markers for early detection and control of this important parasitosis.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (AGL 2009-13282-C02-01 and -02; AGL2015-67039-C3-1-R and AGL2015-67039-C3-3-R), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, European Union) and Xunta de Galicia (Spain) local government (GRC2014/010 and GPC2015/34). Diego Robledo was supported by a FPU fellowship funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Paolo Ronza was supported by a grant from the scientific network “INMUNOGENOM”, funded by Xunta de Galicia (REDES GI-1251).Peer Reviewe

Study of genetic factors and temperature influence on sex determination and differentiation in turbot

Sex, as intuitive and simple as it may seem to us, poses some of the most interesting and complex questions when studying life. Sex is an intrinsic characteristic of most eukaryote species which eventually has led to the appearance of two differentiated adult phenotypes or sexes, males and females. This distinction rules a huge part of our lives and is the origin of important evolutionary processes based on intra-sex competition or inter-sex conflict due to sexual antagonism. Furthermore, sex is an important character for a plethora of species involved in human activities, for example in aquaculture many fish species present sex size dimorphisms where one sex grows faster than the other, and so knowing how sex is determined in each species is of the outmost interest. Traditionally, sex determination has been considered a cascade process with a master gene at the top, but recent findings have suggested that, instead, it might be a network process where different genetic and environmental factors can alter gonad fate, which in turn would be connected with a huge number of different sex determination mechanisms in vertebrates, especially in poikiloterms. In this new view of sex, the different players involved in sex differentiation gain relevance and their study may help us understanding how the fate of the gonad is determined. In this work, we have studied sex differentiation in turbot, a flatfish with a marked sex dimorphism where females grow faster than males. This species presents genetic sex determination, but also temperature effects on sex ratios have been reported, which seem to be family-dependant. Our aim was to study sex differentiation in turbot to gain knowledge about how sex is determined in this species and also in a broader sense in fish. This work consists of expression studies in turbot gonads using two different techniques: real-time PCR and microarrays. First of all, the real time PCR technique was setup for gonad development studies in turbot. The different methods available for reference gene stability calculation and efficiency determination were assessed. Then, using this information we performed an extensive expression study on turbot sex differentiation ranging from undifferentiated to differentiated gonads at three different temperatures. We found that the first molecular signs of sex differentiation are observed at 90 days post fertilization and that three genes, cyp19a1a, amh and vasa, can be used to sex turbot at this stage. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in germ cell development pointed towards their involvement in early sex differentiation and possibly sex determination. Temperature effects on sex differentiation were also assessed in this study. A higher proportion of females was obtained at cold temperatures and several genes showed temperature dependant expression changes. Finally, to complete our study, we also performed a microarray analysis in turbot gonad samples from undifferentiated individuals to male and female juveniles. Female gonads were found to be more different from undifferentiated gonads than those of males, requiring the regulation of a large number of genes and the involvement of different processes including epigenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, the involvement of known sex differentiation genes and previously unrelated genes in sex differentiation was observed. This study has widened our knowledge on sex differentiation in turbot in particular and in fish in general, helping to understand the role of many genes involved in sex differentiation across the whole vertebrate taxa and pointing towards other genes which have been connected with sex for the first time. Our data suggest that a network model might be more accurate to explain sex determination in turbot, where the environment can interact with genetic factors and modify gonad fate

Gene Expression Response to Sea Lice in Atlantic Salmon Skin: RNA Sequencing Comparison Between Resistant and Susceptible Animals

Sea lice are parasitic copepods that cause large economic losses to salmon aquaculture worldwide. Frequent chemotherapeutic treatments are typically required to control this parasite, and alternative measures such as breeding for improved host resistance are desirable. Insight into the host–parasite interaction and mechanisms of host resistance can lead to improvements in selective breeding, and potentially novel treatment targets. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to study the skin transcriptome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parasitized with sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi). The overall aims were to compare the transcriptomic profile of skin at louse attachment sites and “healthy” skin, and to assess differences in gene expression response between animals with varying levels of resistance to the parasite. Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were challenged with C. rogercresseyi, growth and lice count measurements were taken for each fish. 21 animals were selected and RNA-Seq was performed on skin from a louse attachment site, and skin distal to attachment sites for each animal. These animals were classified into family-balanced groups according to the traits of resistance (high vs. low lice count), and growth during infestation. Overall comparison of skin from louse attachment sites vs. healthy skin showed that 4,355 genes were differentially expressed, indicating local up-regulation of several immune pathways and activation of tissue repair mechanisms. Comparison between resistant and susceptible animals highlighted expression differences in several immune response and pattern recognition genes, and also myogenic and iron availability factors. Components of the pathways involved in differential response to sea lice may be targets for studies aimed at improved or novel treatment strategies, or to prioritize candidate functional polymorphisms to enhance genomic selection for host resistance in commercial salmon breeding programs