Trägerbefragung zur Verbreitung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung (BAV 2017): Endbericht

Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales hat Kantar Public (ehemals TNS Infratest Sozialforschung) im Jahr 2018 zum achten Mal nach 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013 und 2015 eine empirische Untersuchung zur Situation und Entwicklung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung durchgeführt. Einbezogen in die "Trägerbefragung zur betrieblichen Altersversorgung 2017" (BAV 2017) wurden Pensionskassen, Pensionsfonds, Lebensversicherungen, die betriebliche Direktversicherungen anbieten, und öffentliche Zusatzversorgungsträger. Die Daten zu Direktzusagen und Unterstützungskassen basieren dagegen auf Geschäftsstatistiken des "Pensions-Sicherungs-Vereins auf Gegenseitigkeit" (PSVaG). Damit wird nunmehr die Entwicklung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung seit Inkrafttreten des Altersvermögensgesetzes (AVmG) und des Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetzes (AVmEG) am 1. Januar 2002 aufgezeigt. Mit BAV 2017 wird die bestehende Zeitreihe um die Referenzpunkte Dezember 2016 und Dezember 2017 ergänzt und damit bis unmittelbar vor Inkrafttreten des Betriebsrentenstärkungsgesetzes (BRSG) im Januar 2018. Neben der Entwicklung der Zahl von Versicherten und Anwartschaften werden in BAV 2017 auch die Beitragshöhe sowie die Inanspruchnahme von Förderwegen analysiert.On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Kantar Public (formerly TNS Infratest Social Research) conducted a survey on the situation and development of occupational pension provision in 2018 for the eighth time after 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Included in the "Trägerbefragung zur betrieblichen Altersversorgung 2017" (BAV 2017) were pension pools, pension funds, life insurance companies offering direct insurances and public supplementary pension funds. The data on direct pension promises and benevolent funds are based on statistics from the "Pensions-Sicherungs-Verein auf Gegenseitigkeit" (PSVaG), the German pension protection system. BAV 2017 covers the situation in December 2016 and December 2017. Thus, the latest reference period of the survey is immediately before the Betriebsrentenstärkungsgesetz (BRSG) came into force in January 2018. Together with its predecessor surveys, it shows the development of the occupational pensions since the Altersvermögensgesetz (AVmG) and the Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetz (AVmEG) came into force in January 2002, giving employees the right to have part of their earnings paid into to a company pension plan (known as a deferred compensation). In addition to the development of the number of insured persons and entitlements, BAV 2017 also analyses the level of contributions as well as the use of subsidy schemes

Trägerbefragung zur Verbreitung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung (BAV 2017): Methodenbericht

Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales hat Kantar Public (ehemals TNS Infratest Sozialforschung) im Jahr 2018 zum achten Mal nach 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013 und 2015 eine empirische Untersuchung zur Situation und Entwicklung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung durchgeführt. Einbezogen in die "Trägerbefragung zur betrieblichen Altersversorgung 2017" (BAV 2017) wurden Pensionskassen, Pensionsfonds, Lebensversicherungen, die betriebliche Direktversicherungen anbieten, und öffentliche Zusatzversorgungsträger. Die Daten zu Direktzusagen und Unterstützungskassen basieren dagegen auf Geschäftsstatistiken des "Pensions-Sicherungs-Vereins auf Gegenseitigkeit" (PSVaG). Damit wird nunmehr die Entwicklung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung seit Inkrafttreten des Altersvermögensgesetzes (AVmG) und des Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetzes (AVmEG) am 1. Januar 2002 aufgezeigt. Mit BAV 2017 wird die bestehende Zeitreihe um die Referenzpunkte Dezember 2016 und Dezember 2017 ergänzt und damit bis unmittelbar vor Inkrafttreten des Betriebsrentenstärkungsgesetzes (BRSG) im Januar 2018. Neben der Entwicklung der Zahl von Versicherten und Anwartschaften werden in BAV 2017 auch die Beitragshöhe sowie die Inanspruchnahme von Förderwegen analysiert.On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Kantar Public (formerly TNS Infratest Social Research) conducted a survey on the situation and development of occupational pension provision in 2018 for the eighth time after 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Included in the "Trägerbefragung zur betrieblichen Altersversorgung 2017" (BAV 2017) were pension pools, pension funds, life insurance companies offering direct insurances and public supplementary pension funds. The data on direct pension promises and benevolent funds are based on statistics from the "Pensions-Sicherungs-Verein auf Gegenseitigkeit" (PSVaG), the German pension protection system. BAV 2017 covers the situation in December 2016 and December 2017. Thus, the latest reference period of the survey is immediately before the Betriebsrentenstärkungsgesetz (BRSG) came into force in January 2018. Together with its predecessor surveys, it shows the development of the occupational pensions since the Altersvermögensgesetz (AVmG) and the Altersvermögensergänzungsgesetz (AVmEG) came into force in January 2002, giving employees the right to have part of their earnings paid into to a company pension plan (known as a deferred compensation). In addition to the development of the number of insured persons and entitlements, BAV 2017 also analyses the level of contributions as well as the use of subsidy schemes

Проект узла синтеза 1,2-дихлорэтана

Объект исследования: узел синтеза 1,2-дихлорэтана. Цель работы: проектирование узла синтеза 1,2-дихлорэтана. В процессе исследования проводились: выбор метода получения 1,2-дихлорэтана, технологической схемы, подбор основного аппарата и его расчет. В результате исследования был спроектирован узел синтеза 1,2-дихлорэтана. Основные конструктивные характеристики: реактор прямого хлорирования это барботажная газлифтная колонна с распределительными устройствами, внутренней циркуляционной трубой и тарелками. Область применения: органическая химическая промышленность. Экономическая эффективность: выделяющееся тепло расходуется на испарение и ректификацию продуктов, сточные воды отсутствуют, расход катализатора минимален.The object of research: the synthesis unit of 1,2-dichloroethane. Objective: To design synthesis unit of 1,2-dichloroethane. The study was conducted with the choice of the method of preparation of 1,2-dichloroethane, technological scheme, the selection of the main unit and its calculation. The study was designed by the synthesis unit of 1,2-dichloroethane. Key design features: direct chlorination reactor is a bubble column with gas lift switchgear, the internal circulation pipe and cymbals. Application: organic chemical industry. Cost-effectiveness: the released heat is spent on evaporation and distillation products, no waste water, catalyst consumption is minimal

Einstein and Brans-Dicke frames in multidimensional cosmology

Inhomogeneous multidimensional cosmological models with a higher dimensional space-time manifold M= M_0 x M_1 ...x M_n are investigated under dimensional reduction to a D_0-dimensional effective non-minimally coupled sigma-model which generalizes the familiar Brans-Dicke model. It is argued that the Einstein frame should be considered as the physical one. The general prescription for the Einstein frame reformulation of known solutions in the Brans-Dicke frame is given. As an example, the reformulation is demonstrated explicitly for the generalized Kasner solutions where it is shown that in the Einstein frame there are no solutions with inflation of the external space.Comment: 27 pages, Revte

f(R) theories

Over the past decade, f(R) theories have been extensively studied as one of the simplest modifications to General Relativity. In this article we review various applications of f(R) theories to cosmology and gravity - such as inflation, dark energy, local gravity constraints, cosmological perturbations, and spherically symmetric solutions in weak and strong gravitational backgrounds. We present a number of ways to distinguish those theories from General Relativity observationally and experimentally. We also discuss the extension to other modified gravity theories such as Brans-Dicke theory and Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and address models that can satisfy both cosmological and local gravity constraints.Comment: 156 pages, 14 figures, Invited review article in Living Reviews in Relativity, Published version, Comments are welcom

Expression and Function of Serotonin 2A and 2B Receptors in the Mammalian Respiratory Network

Neurons of the respiratory network in the lower brainstem express a variety of serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) that act primarily through adenylyl cyclase. However, there is one receptor family including 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors that are directed towards protein kinase C (PKC). In contrast to 5-HT2ARs, expression and function of 5-HT2BRs within the respiratory network are still unclear. 5-HT2BR utilizes a Gq-mediated signaling cascade involving calcium and leading to activation of phospholipase C and IP3/DAG pathways. Based on previous studies, this signal pathway appears to mediate excitatory actions on respiration. In the present study, we analyzed receptor expression in pontine and medullary regions of the respiratory network both at the transcriptional and translational level using quantitative RT-PCR and self-made as well as commercially available antibodies, respectively. In addition we measured effects of selective agonists and antagonists for 5-HT2ARs and 5-HT2BRs given intra-arterially on phrenic nerve discharges in juvenile rats using the perfused brainstem preparation. The drugs caused significant changes in discharge activity. Co-administration of both agonists revealed a dominance of the 5-HT2BR. Given the nature of the signaling pathways, we investigated whether intracellular calcium may explain effects observed in the respiratory network. Taken together, the results of this study suggest a significant role of both receptors in respiratory network modulation

The Energy of Muscle Contraction. I. Tissue Force and Deformation During Fixed-End Contractions

During contraction the energy of muscle tissue increases due to energy from the hydrolysis of ATP. This energy is distributed across the tissue as strain-energy potentials in the contractile elements, strain-energy potential from the 3D deformation of the base-material tissue (containing cellular and extracellular matrix effects), energy related to changes in the muscle\u27s nearly incompressible volume and external work done at the muscle surface. Thus, energy is redistributed through the muscle\u27s tissue as it contracts, with only a component of this energy being used to do mechanical work and develop forces in the muscle\u27s longitudinal direction. Understanding how the strain-energy potentials are redistributed through the muscle tissue will help enlighten why the mechanical performance of whole muscle in its longitudinal direction does not match the performance that would be expected from the contractile elements alone. Here we demonstrate these physical effects using a 3D muscle model based on the finite element method. The tissue deformations within contracting muscle are large, and so the mechanics of contraction were explained using the principles of continuum mechanics for large deformations. We present simulations of a contracting medial gastrocnemius muscle, showing tissue deformations that mirror observations from magnetic resonance imaging. This paper tracks the redistribution of strain-energy potentials through the muscle tissue during fixed-end contractions, and shows how fibre shortening, pennation angle, transverse bulging and anisotropy in the stress and strain of the muscle tissue are all related to the interaction between the material properties of the muscle and the action of the contractile elements

Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) substantially challenges TB control, especially in the European Region of the World Health Organization, where the highest prevalence of MDR/XDR cases is reported. The current management of patients with MDR/XDR-TB is extremely complex for medical, social and public health systems. The treatment with currently available anti-TB therapies to achieve relapse-free cure is long and undermined by a high frequency of adverse drug events, suboptimal treatment adherence, high costs and low treatment success rates. Availability of optimal management for patients with MDR/XDR-TB is limited even in the European Region. In the absence of a preventive vaccine, more effective diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic interventions the control of MDR/XDR-TB will be extremely difficult. Despite recent scientific advances in MDR/XDR-TB care, decisions for the management of patients with MDR/XDR-TB and their contacts often rely on expert opinions, rather than on clinical evidence. This document summarises the current knowledge on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adults and children with MDR/XDR-TB and their contacts, and provides expert consensus recommendations on questions where scientific evidence is still lacking

The Pulse-Respiration Quotient: A Powerful but Untapped Parameter for Modern Studies About Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

A specific and unique aspect of cardiorespiratory activity can be captured by dividing the heart rate (HR) by the respiration rate (RR), giving the pulse-respiration quotient (PRQ = HR/RR). In this review article, we summarize the main findings of studies using and investigating the PRQ. We describe why the PRQ is a powerful parameter that captures complex regulatory states of the cardiorespiratory system, and we highlight the need to re-introduce the use of this parameter into modern studies about human physiology and pathophysiology. In particular, we show that the PRQ (i) changes during human development, (ii) is time-dependent (ultradian, circadian, and infradian rhythms), (iii) shows specific patterns during sleep, (iv) changes with physical activity and body posture, (v) is linked with psychophysical and cognitive activity, (vi) is sex-dependent, and (vii) is determined by the individual physiological constitution. Furthermore, we discuss the medical aspects of the PRQ in terms of applications for disease classification and monitoring. Finally, we explain why there should be a revival in the use of the PRQ for basic research about human physiology and for applications in medicine, and we give recommendations for the use of the PRQ in studies and medical applications