Stemming the gender gap in STEM entrepreneurship–insights into women’s entrepreneurship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics

Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are notably important for innovation and technological development, which in turn are seen as drivers of social and economic growth. Hence, researchers and policy-makers have paid substantial attention to analyzing and promoting high-growth ventures in STEM fields. However, STEM fields are highly gender-skewed, regardless of whether the population considered is students, faculty members, graduates, top managers, or entrepreneurs. This is noticeable in the small number of women entrepreneurs with STEM backgrounds. This underrepresentation of women in innovation-driven business startups highlights existing gender biases and systemic disadvantages in social structures, making visible the double masculinity that exists at the intersection of STEM and entrepreneurship. This article addresses this issue by combining insights from research about women’s entrepreneurship and research about the gender aspects of STEM fields. We emphasize institutional, organizational, and individual factors influencing women’s entrepreneurship in STEM fields, laying the foundation for the articles included in this special issue. Finally, we discuss the way forward for research on the gender aspects of STEM entrepreneurship to help us create the knowledge needed to close this gender gap.publishedVersionUnit Licence Agreemen

First description of the soft part anatomy of Ilyocypris ramirezi Cusminsky & Whatley (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Argentina, South America

The anatomy of the soft parts of Ilyocypris ramirezi Cusminsky & Whatley, 1996 is described and illustrated for the first time, based on findings of this species from water bodies in the shallow areas of the Llancanelo basin, south-west of Mendoza Province, Argentina. This species is common in Quaternary and extant environments of the Pampa and Patagonian regions. Its distribution is now extending in Argentina to the Central-West area, locally named “Cuyo region”. Ilyocypris ramirezi is a good environmental indicator and constitutes a useful tool in paleolimnological studies.Fil: D'ambrosio, Débora Sabina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Analia Roxana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Adriana. University Of Wollongong; AustraliaFil: Claps, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentin

Satisfaction with Orthopedic Treatments

To determine the effectiveness and satisfaction with orthopodologic treatments in users of the University Clinic of podiatry at the University of A Coruña, according to various parameters. After approval from the ethics committee of the University of A Coruña, an observational retrospective study (n = 125). We analyzed the effectiveness and satisfaction with the orthopodologic treatments depending on the reason for consultation, diagnosis, treatment and goals of treatment. We performed a descriptive analysis of all variables collected. The most frequent reason for consultation was for pain of the hindfoot (58.2%).The most frequent diagnosis was plantar fasciitis, followed by metatarsalgia (29.7% vs. 18.6%). The orthotic treatment corrective was the most used (68.5%) with pronation control (52.3%). The majority of patients reported improvement in pain, and a high degree of satisfaction with the treatment used. The profile of the patient who consults the Podiatry clinic for a orthopodologic treatment is that of a man over the age of 50, who consulted for pain of the hindfoot. The most frequent diagnosis is plantar fasciitis and the treatment carried out the corrective for pronation control. The majority of patients used the brace between 4 and 8 hours a day, with a high satisfaction with the treatment and improvement in the evolution of the pain. The degree of satisfaction was significantly associated with age, younger patients more satisfied. The improvement of pain was significantly associated with age, younger patients who show improvement

CMV hyperimmune globulin as salvage therapy for recurrent or refractory CMV infection in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Children; Cytomegalovirus; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantationNens; Citomegalovirus; Trasplantament de cèl·lules mare hematopoètiquesNiños; Citomegalovirus; Trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticasCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT)-related morbidity and mortality. Treatment failure continues to be a major issue in patients with CMV infection due to both drug resistance and intolerance. This single-center brief retrospective analysis of a case series aims to investigate the safety and efficacy of CMV-hyperimmune globulin as salvage therapy for CMV infection in children undergoing HSCT. Fifteen pediatric patients received human CMV-specific immunoglobulin (CMVIG) between July 2018 and December 2021 as a salvage therapy for refractory or recurrent CMV infection. At the time of CMVIG prescription, eight children presented with recurrent CMV infection and seven with refractory CMV infection. The overall response rate was 67% at 50 days from the CMVIG administration [95% confidence interval (CI): 44–88]. Overall survival (OS) from CMVIG administration at 100 days was 87% (95% CI: 56–96), and OS from HSCT at 1 year was 80% (95% CI: 50–93). Four patients died, three unrelated to CMV infection and one due to CMV pneumonia. CMVIG as salvage therapy was well tolerated, and no infusion-related adverse events were observed.Biotest supported the English revision of the manuscript

A program for optical observations of advanced LIGO early triggers in the southern hemisphere

In this poster we present a plan to follow-up optically early triggers from the Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detectors, which will start operating in scientific mode in the northern summer of 2015

O receptor dopaminérgico D2: ações endócrinas não clássicas

El receptor dopaminérgico D2 (RD2) participa en un complejo repertorio de funciones adaptativas para mejorar el desempeño del individuo, su éxito reproductivo y supervivencia. Utilizando estrategias combinadas de ensayos farmacológicos, líneas celulares y ratones transgénicos, nuestro laboratorio demostró la participación del RD2 no sólo en el desarrollo de prolactinomas, sino en el eje del crecimiento, la ingesta y el metabolismo de glucosa. Determinamos que el desarrollo de prolactinomas por ausencia de RD2 correlaciona con un aumento de VEGF y una disminución de TGFβ1 y su receptor TGFβ tipo II, posicionando estos factores como posible terapia complementaria en prolactinomas resistentes a agonistas dopaminérgicos. En el eje de crecimiento, postulamos que la acción de RD2 facilita la liberación de GHRH, y la ausencia del receptor condiciona la población reducida de somatotropos, y produce enanismo. Respecto a la ingesta, los resultados indicaron que la ausencia de RD2 modula varios factores orexígenos y anorexígenos, revelando una mayor complejidad del sistema. Por último, demostramos que la dopamina a través del RD2 pancreático modula la liberación de insulina, esclareciendo en parte por qué el uso de antisicóticos conlleva a un desarrollo de diabetes tipo II. En conjunto nuestros resultados destacan la importancia de este receptor en acciones endocrinas no clásicas y su participación en forma integral en la fisiología del individuo.Dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) participate in a complex system of adaptive functions to improve performance, reproductive success and survival of individuals.Using combined strategies with drug, cell lines and transgenic mice, our laboratory demonstrated that D2R take part, not only in the development of prolactinomas, but also in the regulation of the growth axis, food intake and glucose metabolism. It was determined that the development of prolactinomas due to the lack of D2R correlates with increased VEGF and decreased TGF β1 and TGF type II receptor, positioning these factors as potential targets in complementary therapies for dopamine agonist resistant prolactinomas. With regard to the growth axis, it was postulated that D2R facilitates the release of GHRH, and the absence of the receptor determines a decrease in the somatotroph population and produces dwarfism. Regarding food intake, it was demonstrated that the absence of D2R modulates several orexigenic and anorexigenic factors, pointing to a complexity of the system. Finally, it was shown that dopamine modulates insulin release through pancreatic D2R, partly clarifying why the use of antipsychotics leads to development of type II diabetes. Overall, our results highlight the importance of this receptor in non-classical endocrine actions and enable the understanding of the integral physiology of the D2R in homeostasis.O receptor dopaminérgico D2 (RD2) participa num complexo repertório de funções adaptativas para melhorar o desempenho do indivíduo, seu êxito reprodutivo e sobrevivência. Utilizando estratégias combinadas de ensaios farmacológicos, linhas celulares e camundongos transgênicos, nosso laboratório demonstrou a participação do RD2 não só no desenvolvimento de prolactinomas, mas no eixo do crescimento, a ingestão e o metabolismo de glicose. Determinamos que o desenvolvimento de prolactinomas por ausência de RD2 correlaciona com um aumento de VEGF e uma diminuição de TGFβ1 e seu receptor TGFβ tipo II, posicionando estes fatores como possível terapia complementar em prolactinomas resistentes a agonistas dopaminérgicos. No eixo de crescimento, postulamos que a ação de RD2 facilita a liberação de GHRH, e a ausência do receptor condiciona a população reduzida de somatotrofos, e produz nanismo. A respeito da ingestão, os resultados indicaram que a ausência de RD2 modula vários fatores orexígenos e anorexígenos, revelando uma maior complexidade do sistema. Por último, demonstramos que a dopamina através do RD2 pancreático modula a liberação de insulina, esclarecendo em parte por qué o uso de antipsicóticos leva a um desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo II. Em conjunto nossos resultados destacam a importância deste receptor em ações endócrinas não clássicas, e sua participação em forma integral na fisiologia do indivíduo.Fil: Garcia Tornadu, Isabel Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Recouvreux, Maria Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ramirez, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Luque, Guillermina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Millán, María Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzo, Rodrigo Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Camilletti, María Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Ornstein, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Lacau, Isabel María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Cristina, Silvia Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Graciela Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Becu, Damasia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentin

Complement and coagulation cascades activation is the main pathophysiological pathway in early-onset severe preeclampsia revealed by maternal proteomics

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder and a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The exact pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease remains poorly defined. We applied proteomics analysis on maternal blood samples collected from 14 singleton pregnancies with early-onset severe preeclampsia and 6 uncomplicated pregnancies to investigate the pathophysiological pathways involved in this specific subgroup of preeclampsia. Maternal blood was drawn at diagnosis for cases and at matched gestational age for controls. LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis was conducted, and data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistical approaches with the identification of differential pathways by exploring the global human protein-protein interaction network. The unsupervised multivariate analysis (the principal component analysis) showed a clear difference between preeclamptic and uncomplicated pregnancies. The supervised multivariate analysis using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis resulted in a model with goodness of fit (R2X = 0.99, p < 0.001) and a strong predictive ability (Q2Y = 0.8, p < 0.001). By univariate analysis, we found 17 proteins statistically different after 5% FDR correction (q-value < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis revealed 5 significantly enriched pathways whereby the activation of the complement and coagulation cascades was on top (p = 3.17e-07). To validate these results, we assessed the deposits of C5b-9 complement complex and on endothelial cells that were exposed to activated plasma from an independent set of 4 cases of early-onset severe preeclampsia and 4 uncomplicated pregnancies. C5b-9 and Von Willbrand factor deposits were significantly higher in early-onset severe preeclampsia. Future studies are warranted to investigate potential therapeutic targets for early-onset severe preeclampsia within the complement and coagulation pathway

Insulin regulates neurovascular coupling through astrocytes

Mice with insulin receptor (IR)-deficient astrocytes (GFAP-IR knockout [KO] mice) show blunted responses to insulin and reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas IRdeficient astrocytes show disturbed mitochondrial responses to glucose. While exploring the functional impact of disturbed mitochondrial function in astrocytes, we observed that GFAP-IR KO mice show uncoupling of brain blood flow with glucose uptake. Since IR-deficient astrocytes show higher levels of reactive oxidant species (ROS), this leads to stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1¿ and, consequently, of the vascular endothelial growth factor angiogenic pathway. Indeed, GFAP-IR KO mice show disturbed brain vascularity and blood flow that is normalized by treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). NAC ameliorated high ROS levels, normalized angiogenic signaling and mitochondrial function in IR-deficient astrocytes, and normalized neurovascular coupling in GFAP-IR KO mice. Our results indicate that by modulating glucose uptake and angiogenesis, insulin receptors in astrocytes participate in neurovascular coupling.We are thankful to M.Garcia and R. Cañadas for technical support. This work was funded by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Spain) to I.T.A., A.G., and T.I.; an Inter-CIBER project (PIE14/00061) to I.T.A.that forms part of the projects PID2019-104376RB-I00 (I.T.A.) and RTI2018-094887-B-I00 (M.N.) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; a grant from Junta de Andalucia Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento (P18-RT-2233 to A.G.) cofinanced by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014–2020; a grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spain (cofinanced by FEDER funds from the European Union; PI21/00915 to A.G.); Grant PID2020-115218RB-I00 to T.I. funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Española de Investigación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033); and a grant from Comunidad de Madrid through the European Social Fund (ESF)–financed programme Neurometabolismo-Comunidad de Madrid (NEUROMETAB-CM) (B2017/BMD-3700 to I.T.A.and T.I.). M.N. was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ramón y Cajal RYC-2016-20414). J.P.-U. was contracted by CIBERNED

Calcium-dependent oligomerization of CAR proteins at cell membrane modulates ABA signaling

[EN] Regulation of ion transport in plants is essential for cell function. Abiotic stress unbalances cell ion homeostasis, and plants tend to readjust it, regulating membrane transporters and channels. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the second messenger Ca2+ are central in such processes, as they are involved in the regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases that control ion transport activity in response to environmental stimuli. The identification and characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of ABA and Ca2+ signaling pathways on membrane function are central and could provide opportunities for crop improvement. The C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) family of small proteins is involved in the Ca2+-dependent recruitment of the pyrabactin resistance 1/PYR1like (PYR/PYL) ABA receptors to the membrane. However, to fully understand CAR function, it is necessary to define a molecular mechanism that integrates Ca2+ sensing, membrane interaction, and the recognition of the PYR/PYL interacting partners. We present structural and biochemical data showing that CARs are peripheral membrane proteins that functionally cluster on the membrane and generate strong positive membrane curvature in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These features represent a mechanism for the generation, stabilization, and/or specific recognition of membrane discontinuities. Such structures may act as signaling platforms involved in the recruitment of PYR/PYL receptors and other signaling components involved in cell responses to stress.A.A. and J.A.M. thank the European Syncrotron Radiation Facility and EMBL for access to the synchrotron radiation source. This work was funded by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) Grants BFU2014-59796-R (to A.A.), BFU2011-28184-C02 (to M.J.S.-B.), and BIO2014-52537-R (to P.L.R.) and Comunidad de Madrid Grant S2010/BMD-2457 (to A.A and M.M.). M.J.S.-B. is supported by Ramon y Cajal Contract RYC-2008-03449 from MINECO and M.D. by a fellowship from Senacyt-Ifarhu. Access to the High Throughput Crystallization facility at European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Grenoble was supported by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme through the Protein Production Platform project (P-CUBE) Grant 227764.Diaz, M.; Sanchez-Barrena, MJ.; Gonzalez Rubio, JM.; Rodríguez Solovey, LN.; Fernández, D.; Antoni-Alandes, R.; Yunta, C.... (2016). Calcium-dependent oligomerization of CAR proteins at cell membrane modulates ABA signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113(3):E396-E405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512779113SE396E4051133Serrano, R., & Rodriguez-Navarro, A. (2001). 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Open stomata 1 (OST1) kinase controls R-type anion channel QUAC1 in Arabidopsis guard cells. The Plant Journal, 74(3), 372-382. doi:10.1111/tpj.12133Ishitani, M., Liu, J., Halfter, U., Kim, C.-S., Shi, W., & Zhu, J.-K. (2000). SOS3 Function in Plant Salt Tolerance Requires N-Myristoylation and Calcium Binding. The Plant Cell, 12(9), 1667-1677. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.9.1667Grefen, C., & Blatt, M. R. (2012). Do Calcineurin B-Like Proteins Interact Independently of the Serine Threonine Kinase CIPK23 with the K+ Channel AKT1? Lessons Learned from a Ménage à Trois. Plant Physiology, 159(3), 915-919. doi:10.1104/pp.112.198051Qiu, Q.-S., Guo, Y., Dietrich, M. A., Schumaker, K. S., & Zhu, J.-K. (2002). Regulation of SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger in Arabidopsis thaliana, by SOS2 and SOS3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(12), 8436-8441. doi:10.1073/pnas.122224699Quintero, F. J., Martinez-Atienza, J., Villalta, I., Jiang, X., Kim, W.-Y., Ali, Z., … Pardo, J. M. (2011). Activation of the plasma membrane Na/H antiporter Salt-Overly-Sensitive 1 (SOS1) by phosphorylation of an auto-inhibitory C-terminal domain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(6), 2611-2616. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108Núñez-Ramírez, R., Sánchez-Barrena, M. J., Villalta, I., Vega, J. F., Pardo, J. M., Quintero, F. J., … Albert, A. (2012). Structural Insights on the Plant Salt-Overly-Sensitive 1 (SOS1) Na+/H+ Antiporter. Journal of Molecular Biology, 424(5), 283-294. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2012.09.015Ohta, M., Guo, Y., Halfter, U., & Zhu, J.-K. (2003). A novel domain in the protein kinase SOS2 mediates interaction with the protein phosphatase 2C ABI2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(20), 11771-11776. doi:10.1073/pnas.2034853100Xu, J., Li, H.-D., Chen, L.-Q., Wang, Y., Liu, L.-L., He, L., & Wu, W.-H. (2006). A Protein Kinase, Interacting with Two Calcineurin B-like Proteins, Regulates K+ Transporter AKT1 in Arabidopsis. 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