El pecado como esclavitud del hombre

En esta tesis se estudian los múltiples puntos de conexión que Sto. Tomás de Aquino ve entre la categoría de esclavitud y la de pecado, tanto actual como original. Tiene especial interés el análisis tomasiano sobre la génesis del pecado actual, ya que señala cómo la «esclavitud» no le adviene al hombre sólo como secuela del pecado original, ni tampoco sólo después de que el hombre cometa un pecado actual, sino que la «esclavitud» en diversas formas antecede y acompaña la comisión del pecado actual. La ofuscación de la razón, la vacilación de la voluntad, la influencia del diablo u otros seres humanos tentadores, la descompensación de la naturaleza humana derivada del pecado original... son todos factores que afectan las potencias humanas incluso antes de la comisión de un pecado actual y tienen un carácter esclavizador sobre las facultades humanas, empujando al sujeto a caer. Así que, en cierto sentido, la comisión del pecado actual sólo consuma esclavitudes previamente activadas en el hombre

The curvature perturbation at second order

We give an explicit relation, up to second-order terms, between scalar-field fluctuations defined on spatially-flat slices and the curvature perturbation on uniform-density slices. This expression is a necessary ingredient for calculating observable quantities at second-order and beyond in multiple-field inflation. We show that traditional cosmological perturbation theory and the `separate universe' approach yield equivalent expressions for superhorizon wavenumbers, and in particular that all nonlocal terms can be eliminated from the perturbation-theory expressions

Biomass allometry and carbon factors for a Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Portugal

Forests play an important role in the global carbon balance because they offset a large portion of the carbon dioxide emitted through human activities. Accurate estimates are necessary for national reporting of greenhouse gas inventories, carbon credit trading and forest carbon management but in Portugal reliable and accessible forest carbon measurement methodologies are still lacking for some species. The objective of this study was to provide forest managers with a comprehensive database of carbon factors and equations that allows estimating stand-level carbon stocks in Pinus pinea L. (P. pinea), regardless of the tree inventory information available. We produced aboveground biomass and stem volume equations, biomass expansion factors (BEF) by component as well as wood basic density (WBD) and component carbon fraction in biomass. A root-to-shoot ratio is also presented using data from trees in which the root system was completely excavated. We harvested 53 trees in centre and south Portugal covering different sizes (6.5 to 56.3 cm), ages (10 to 45 years) and stand densities (20 to 580 trees ha–1). The results indicate that aboveground allometry in P. pinea is not comparable with other pines and varies considerably with stand characteristics, highlighting the need to develop stand-dependent factors and equations for local or regional carbon calculations. BEFaboveground decreases from open (1.33 ± 0.03 Mg m–3) to closed stands (1.07 ± 0.01 Mg m–3) due to a change in biomass allocation pattern from stem to branches. Average WBD was 0.50 ± 0.01 Mg m–3 but varies with tree dimensions and the root-to-shoot ratio found was 0.30 ± 0.03. The carbon fraction was statistically different from the commonly used 0.5 factor for some biomass components. The equations and factors produced allow evaluating carbon stocks in P. pinea stands in Portugal, contributing to a more accurate estimation of carbon sequestered by this forest type

Carbohydrate and protein metabolism of marandu grass affected by nitrogen fertilisation and number of cuts

Received: June 18th, 2023 ; Accepted: September 30th, 2023 ; Published: October 23rd, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] the metabolism of tropical grasses in response to management practises imposed in pastoral environments allows for improvements in the management and use of mineral fertilisers. This study aimed to quantify metabolite content in different plant parts of Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha), with a specific focus on the influence of nitrogen fertilisation and its effects following successive cuts. The treatments corresponded to four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha-1 ) and the number of cuts (one, two and three cuts). The plants were fractionated into leaves, stems, and roots to assess the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), starch, albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin content. N fertilisation influenced the WSC and starch content in different parts of the plant, varying according to the cuts made. In the leaves and roots, fertilisation reduced the content of WSC and starch with one cut, as these were utilised as energy sources for assimilating the excess nitrogen in the soil. There was an increase in the concentration of all protein groups with nitrogen fertilisation in all parts of the plant with one cut. In plants cut two and three times, N fertilisation led to specific increases and decreases in different parts of the plants as an adaptive strategy for allocating resources as the number of cuts increased. Our results broaden our understanding of carbohydrate and protein metabolism in tropical grasses, thereby providing subsidies for the rational use of nitrogen fertilisers

No Dynamics in the Extremal Kerr Throat

Motivated by the Kerr/CFT conjecture, we explore solutions of vacuum general relativity whose asymptotic behavior agrees with that of the extremal Kerr throat, sometimes called the Near-Horizon Extreme Kerr (NHEK) geometry. We argue that all such solutions are diffeomorphic to the NHEK geometry itself. The logic proceeds in two steps. We first argue that certain charges must vanish at all times for any solution with NHEK asymptotics. We then analyze these charges in detail for linearized solutions. Though one can choose the relevant charges to vanish at any initial time, these charges are not conserved. As a result, requiring the charges to vanish at all times is a much stronger condition. We argue that all solutions satisfying this condition are diffeomorphic to the NHEK metric.Comment: 42 pages, 3 figures. v3: minor clarifications and correction

Bioinformatics of the sugarcane EST project

The Sugarcane EST project (SUCEST) produced 291,904 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in a consortium that involved 74 sequencing and data mining laboratories. We created a web site for this project that served as a ?meeting point? for receiving, processing, analyzing, and providing services to help explore the sequence data. In this paper we describe the information pathway that we implemented to support this project and a brief explanation of the clustering procedure, which resulted in 43,141 clusters.O projeto SUCEST (Sugarcane EST Project) produziu 291.904 ESTs de cana-de-açúcar. Nesse projeto, o Laboratório de Bioinformática criou o web site que foi o ponto de encontro dos 74 laboratórios de sequenciamento e data mining que fizeram parte do consórcio para o projeto. O Laboratório de Bioinformática (LBI) recebeu, processou, analisou e disponibilizou ferramentas para a exploração dos dados. Neste artigo os dados, serviços e programas implementados pelo LBI para o projeto são descritos, incluindo o procedimento de clustering que gerou 43.141 clusters.915Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Leguminous cover crops improve the profitability and the sustainability of rainfed olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards: from soil biology to physiology of yield determination

The olive sector has a crucial economic, social, cultural and ecological relevance in the Mediterranean region, where tillage and herbicides application still are generalized practices. However, these techniques oppose to the recommendations of UE policy. Thus, other methods are needed to reduce adverse environmental impacts and to improve biodiversity, soil carbon sink and fertility, to save fossil fuels and to increase yield and the safety and nutritional value of food products. Meanwhile, since Mediterranean basin is particularly vulnerable to climate change, including lower precipitation in summer, olive tree will experiment some hard changes, mainly under rainfed conditions. Therefore, we propose an adequate management of cover crops to shift tillage and herbicides, in order to minimize runoff and evaporation water losses, conserve soil moisture storage and promote the infiltration of water in soil. The experiment was carried out during 4 years on a commercial orchard (cv. Cobrançosa) in Northeast Portugal. The treatments laid out were: (1) ordinary tillage techniques (OT) used by local growers (two tillage trips per year); (2) cover crop with self-reseeding annual legume species (AL); (3) natural vegetation fertilized (NVF) with 60 kg N hm2 (as in OT); (4) natural vegetation (NV) left unfertilized. The results revealed that AL treatment is the best option, reaching 37, 53 and 95% higher cumulative yield than NVF, OT and NV, respectively, in a closely association with greater physiological performance during the summer, mainly evidenced by lower oxidative damage and by favourable changes in water status and net photosynthetic rate, due to lower stomatal and mesophyll limitations. Moreover, the AL covered soil presented considerable microbial diversity and enzymatic activities, which may contribute to promote and conserve soil quality and health, as well the stability of ecosystems. Thus, leguminous cover crops improve the profitability and the sustainability of rainfed olive orchards.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

DESEMPENHO PRODUTIVO DE QUATRO GRUPOS GENÉTICOS DE CODORNAS (Coturnix sp.) PARA CORTE

A trial was conducted with the objective to evaluate growth performance, carcass yield, and slaughtering age of four genetic groups of meat quail, of both sexes, raised from 1 to 77 days and slaughtered weekly from 35 to 77 days. The experiment utilized 1984 birds, in a completely randomised design, with a factorial of 2 genders and 4 families (A, B, C and D), in a total of 8 treatments with 4 replicates of 62 birds each. Body weight of female quail at 28 days was higher than other ages independently of family. Family A was heavier than family B at 35, 56 and 77 days. At 42 days of age female showed higher feed consumption and low feed conversion than male. Considering the results as a whole, the best slaughtering age for both genders was 49 days. Key-words: genetic group, growing performance, meat quail, production, slaughtering age.Para avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o rendimento de carcaça e a melhor idade de abate de quatro grupos genéticos de codornas machos e fêmeas para corte, criadas de 1 a 77 dias e abatidas semanalmente de 35 a 77 dias, utilizaram-se 1984 aves, distribuídas aleatoriamente em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial de 2 sexos x 4 famílias (A, B, C e D), num total de 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições de 62 aves cada. A partir dos 28 dias as fêmeas foram mais pesadas do que os machos, independentemente da família. A família A foi mais pesada do que a B aos 35, 56 e 77 dias. A partir dos 42 dias, as fêmeas tiveram maior consumo, mas melhor conversão alimentar do que os machos. Considerando-se conjuntamente os dados de desempenho, a melhor idade de abate para ambos os sexos foi 49 dias