Pengaruh Latihan Ladder Drill Terhadap Kelincahan Pada Atlet Junior Kenshi Kempo Kota Jambi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap kelincahan pada atlet junior kenshi kempo Kota Jambi. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian eksperimen karena tujuan adalah untuk melihat akibat dari suatu perlakuan, penelitian ini di laksanakan di gedung Shorinji Kempo Dojo kebun kelapa kota Baru Kota Jambi,Penelitian ini lakukan lebih kurang 6 minggu yaitu 4 kali pertemuan dalam seminggunya yaitu senin,jumat,sabtu Minggu. Populasi pada atlet junior kenshi kempo kota jambi kurang dari 100 orang maka seluruh populasi sebanyak 16 atlet di jadikan sampel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data tes awal  dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 16 siswa didapat mean sebesar 13,62, simpangan baku  0,30 dan variansi 0,09. tes akhir dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 16 siswa didapat mean sebesar 12,90, simpangan baku 0,52 dan variansi 0,27. Untuk uji normalitas dapat dilihat bahwa Lhitung  < Ltabel untuk kedua kelas sampel. Yaitu  untuk  data  tes awal  di dapat L hitung  0.2137 yang < L tabel 0.2215  sedangkan untuk data tes akhir  didapat L hitung sebesar 0,2109 yang< L tabel 0,2215. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa  kedua kelompok data berdistribusi normal. Untuk uji hipotesis nilai thitung yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 7,970691 , ternyata thitung> ttabel dari angka batas penolakan hipotesis nol. Dengan demikian hipotesis nol diterima, hal ini berarti, terdapat Pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap  kelincahan pada atlet Junior Kenshi Kempo Kota Jambi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu terdapat pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap kelincahan pada atlet junior kenshi kempo Kota Jambi Kata kunci: Latihan Ladder Drill, KelincahanTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap kelincahan pada atlet junior kenshi kempo Kota Jambi. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian eksperimen karena tujuan adalah untuk melihat akibat dari suatu perlakuan, penelitian ini di laksanakan di gedung Shorinji Kempo Dojo kebun kelapa kota Baru Kota Jambi,Penelitian ini lakukan lebih kurang 6 minggu yaitu 4 kali pertemuan dalam seminggunya yaitu senin,jumat,sabtu Minggu. Populasi pada atlet junior kenshi kempo kota jambi kurang dari 100 orang maka seluruh populasi sebanyak 16 atlet di jadikan sampel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data tes awal  dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 16 siswa didapat mean sebesar 13,62, simpangan baku  0,30 dan variansi 0,09. tes akhir dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 16 siswa didapat mean sebesar 12,90, simpangan baku 0,52 dan variansi 0,27. Untuk uji normalitas dapat dilihat bahwa Lhitung  < Ltabel untuk kedua kelas sampel. Yaitu  untuk  data  tes awal  di dapat L hitung  0.2137 yang < L tabel 0.2215  sedangkan untuk data tes akhir  didapat L hitung sebesar 0,2109 yang< L tabel 0,2215. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa  kedua kelompok data berdistribusi normal. Untuk uji hipotesis nilai thitung yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 7,970691 , ternyata thitung> ttabel dari angka batas penolakan hipotesis nol. Dengan demikian hipotesis nol diterima, hal ini berarti, terdapat Pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap  kelincahan pada atlet Junior Kenshi Kempo Kota Jambi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu terdapat pengaruh latihan ladder drill terhadap kelincahan pada atlet junior kenshi kempo Kota Jambi Kata kunci: Latihan Ladder Drill, Kelincaha

Successional patterns along soil development gradients formed by glacier retreat in the Maritime Antarctic, King George Island

Background: Maritime Antarctica is severely affected by climate change and accelerating glacier retreat forming temporal gradients of soil development. Successional patterns of soil development and plant succession in the region are largely unknown, as are the feedback mechanisms between both processes. Here we identify three temporal gradients representing horizontal and vertical glacier retreat, as well as formation of raised beaches due to isostatic uplift, and describe soil formation and plant succession along them. Our hypotheses are (i) plants in Antarctica are able to modulate the two base parameters in soil development, organic C content and pH, along the temporal gradients, leading to an increase in organic carbon and soil acidity at relatively short time scales, (ii) the soil development induces succession along these gradients, and (iii) with increasing soil development, bryophytes and Deschampsia antarctica develop mycorrhiza in maritime Antarctica in order to foster interaction with soil.  Results: All temporal gradients showed soil development leading to differentiation of soil horizons, carbon accumulation and increasing pH with age. Photoautptroph succession occurred rapidly after glacier retreat, but occurrences of mosses and lichens interacting with soils by rhizoids or rhizines were only observed in the later stages. The community of ground dwelling mosses and lichens is the climax community of soil succession, as the Antarctic hairgrass D. antarctica was restricted to ornithic soils. Neither D. antarctica nor mosses at the best developed soils showed any sign of mycorrhization.  Conclusion: Temporal gradients formed by glacier retreat can be identified in maritime Antarctic, where soil development and plant succession of a remarkable pace can be observed, although pseudo-succession occurs by fertilization gradients caused by bird feces. Thus, the majority of ice-free surface in Antarctica is colonized by plant communities which interact with soil by litter input rather than by direct transfer of photoassimilates to soil

Predominant membrane localization is an essential feature of the bacterial signal recognition particle receptor

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor plays a vital role in co-translational protein targeting, because it connects the soluble SRP-ribosome-nascent chain complex (SRP-RNCs) to the membrane bound Sec translocon. The eukaryotic SRP receptor (SR) is a heterodimeric protein complex, consisting of two unrelated GTPases. The SR<it>β </it>subunit is an integral membrane protein, which tethers the SRP-interacting SR<it>α </it>subunit permanently to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The prokaryotic SR lacks the SR<it>β </it>subunit and consists of only the SR<it>α </it>homologue FtsY. Strikingly, although FtsY requires membrane contact for functionality, cell fractionation studies have localized FtsY predominantly to the cytosolic fraction of <it>Escherichia coli</it>. So far, the exact function of the soluble SR in <it>E. coli </it>is unknown, but it has been suggested that, in contrast to eukaryotes, the prokaryotic SR might bind SRP-RNCs already in the cytosol and only then initiates membrane targeting.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the current study we have determined the contribution of soluble FtsY to co-translational targeting <it>in vitro </it>and have re-analysed the localization of FtsY <it>in vivo </it>by fluorescence microscopy. Our data show that FtsY can bind to SRP-ribosome nascent chains (RNCs) in the absence of membranes. However, these soluble FtsY-SRP-RNC complexes are not efficiently targeted to the membrane. In contrast, we observed effective targeting of SRP-RNCs to membrane-bond FtsY. These data show that soluble FtsY does not contribute significantly to cotranslational targeting in <it>E. coli</it>. In agreement with this observation, our <it>in vivo </it>analyses of FtsY localization in bacterial cells by fluorescence microscopy revealed that the vast majority of FtsY was localized to the inner membrane and that soluble FtsY constituted only a negligible species <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The exact function of the SRP receptor (SR) in bacteria has so far been enigmatic. Our data show that the bacterial SR is almost exclusively membrane-bound <it>in vivo</it>, indicating that the presence of a soluble SR is probably an artefact of cell fractionation. Thus, co-translational targeting in bacteria does not involve the formation of a soluble SR-signal recognition particle (SRP)-ribosome nascent chain (RNC) intermediate but requires membrane contact of FtsY for efficient SRP-RNC recruitment.</p

Mycorrhizal Mediated Partitioning of Phosphorus: Ectomycorrhizal (Populus x canescens x Paxillus involutus) Potential to Exploit Simultaneously Organic and Mineral Phosphorus Sources

Many natural and anthropogenic soils are phosphorus (P) limited often due to larger P stocks sequestered in forms of low bioavailability. One of the strategies to overcome this shortage lies in the symbiosis of plants with mycorrhizal fungi, increasing the plant P uptake of these hardly accessible sources. However, little is known about mycorrhizal fungal mediated partitioning of differently available P forms, which could contribute to more efficient use of P by plants and, thereby, reduce competition for soil P. This study aimed to investigate the uptake of P from differently bioavailable P sources by ectomycorrhiza. For that, we conducted a rhizotrone study using Populus x canescens and its compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. Four different P sources [ortho-phosphate (oP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), hydroxyapatite (HAP), and oP bound to goethite (gP)] or only HAP as 1P control were supplied in separate compartments, where only the fungal partner had access to the P sources. The amount of the specific P sources was increased according to their decreasing bioavailability. In order to distinguish between the P sources, we applied 33P to track its incorporation in plants by a non-destructive analysis via digital autoradiography. Our results show that an ectomycorrhizal plant is able to utilize all provided P sources via its mycorrhizal fungal associate. The acquisition timing was determined by the most bioavailable P sources, with oP and AMP over HAP and gP, and a mixed P pool over a single P source. In contrast, the magnitude was defined by the by the amount of supplied P source provision of additional nitrogen, hence AMP over oP and gP, as well as by P source complexity, with gP as the least favorable P form. Nevertheless, the results of the present study provide evidence that an ectomycorrhiza has the potential to occupy fundamental niches of various P sources differing in their bioavailability, indicating that being a generalist in P nutrition can facilitate adaptation to various nutritional settings in soil

SEAGRESS COVERAGE AND ECOSYSTEM CONDITION AT THE COASTAL AREA OF MADASANGER, JELENGA AND MALUK, WEST SUMBAWA

The increase of temperature might affect the distribution and reproduction of seagrass. This research aims to determine the seagrass bed coverage and the ecosystem condition. Three line transects were established perpendicular to the coastal line with the distance of 50-100 m, or up to the border of the intertidal area. In each transect, sampling points were determined with a distance of 10-20 m. At the sampling points, a plot of 50 cm x 50 cm was established to measure the coverage percentage of seagrass vegetation. The seagrass species were also observed and recorded along the line transects. The percentage of seagrass coverage was measured using a method from Saito and Atobe (1994). The results showed that the coastal area of Jelenga has the highest percentage of seagrass coverage (&gt;60%, healthy) among other coastal areas. This may be caused by the characteristic of Jelenga coast which was relatively calm, few visitors, low water turbidity, and high light penetration. While, other transects have percentage coverage of less than 60% (less healthy). There was one transect on Maluk coast which has coverage percentage of less than 29% (lack of seagrass species). The small coverage percentage on Maluk coast can be caused by the high number of visitors and high activity of fishing boats around the coast which results in high turbidity. Keywords: coverage, ecosystem condition, seagrass bed, west Sumbawa

Influence of small-scale spatial variability of soil properties on yield formation of winter wheat

Background: With the increasing development of sophisticated precision farming techniques, high-resolution application maps are frequently discussed as a key factor in increasing yield potential. However, yield potential maps based on multiple soil properties measurements are rarely part of current farming practices. Furthermore, small-scale differences in soil properties have not been taken into account. Methods: To investigate the impact of soil property changes at high resolution on yield, a field trial has been divided into a sampling grid of 42 plots. The soil properties in each plot were determined at three soil depths. Grain yield and yield formation of winter wheat were analyzed at two sites. Results: Multiple regression analyses of soil properties with yield measures showed that the soil contents of organic carbon, silt, and clay in the top and subsoil explained 45–46% of the variability in grain yield. However, an increasing clay content in the topsoil correlated positively with grain yield and tiller density. In contrast, a higher clay content in the subsoil led to a decrease in grain yield. A cluster analysis of soil texture was deployed to evaluate whether the soil´s small-scale differences caused crucial differences in yield formation. Significant differences in soil organic carbon, yield, and yield formation were observed among clusters in each soil depth. Conclusion: These results show that small-scale lateral and vertical differences in soil properties can strongly impact crop yields and should be considered to improve site-specific cropping techniques further

Soil nitrogen and water management by winter-killed catch crops

Improving N cycling in agroecosystems is one of the key challenges in reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. Further, uncertainty in precipitation makes crop water management relevant in regions where it has not been necessary thus far. Here, we focus on the potential of winter-killed catch crops (CCs) to reduce N leaching losses from N mineralization over the winter and from soil water management. We compared four single CCs (white mustard, phacelia, Egyptian clover and bristle oat) and two CC mixtures with 4 and 12 plant species (Mix4 and Mix12) with a fallow treatment. High-resolution soil mineral N (Nmin) monitoring in combination with the modelling of spatiotemporal dynamics served to assess N cycling under winter-killed CCs, while soil water was continuously monitored in the rooting zone. Catch crops depleted the residual Nmin pools by between 40 % and 72 % compared to the fallow. The amount of residual N uptake was lowest for clover and not significantly different among the other CCs. Catch crops that produce high N litter materials, such as clover and mustard leaves, showed an early N mineralization flush immediately after their termination and the highest leaching losses from litter mineralization over the winter. Except for clover, all CCs showed Nmin values between 18 % and 92 % higher on the sowing date of the following maize crop. However, only Mix12 was statistically significant. Catch crops depleted the soil water storage in the rooting zone during their growth in autumn and early winter, but preserved water later on when their residues covered the ground. The shallow incorporation of CC residues increased water storage capacity during the cropping season of the main crop even under reduced soil water availability. Hence, catch cropping is not just a simple plant cover for the winter but improves the growth conditions for the following crop with decreased N losses. Mixtures have been shown to compensate for the weaknesses of individual CC species in terms of nutrient capture, mineralization and transfer to the following main crop as well as for soil water management. Detailed knowledge about plant performance during growth and litter mineralization patterns is necessary to make optimal use of their potential

Unrecognized diversity and distribution of soil algae from Maritime Antarctica (Fildes Peninsula, King George Island)

IntroductionEukaryotic algae in the top few centimeters of fellfield soils of ice-free Maritime Antarctica have many important effects on their habitat, such as being significant drivers of organic matter input into the soils and reducing the impact of wind erosion by soil aggregate formation. To better understand the diversity and distribution of Antarctic terrestrial algae, we performed a pilot study on the surface soils of Meseta, an ice-free plateau mountain crest of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, being hardly influenced by the marine realm and anthropogenic disturbances. It is openly exposed to microbial colonization from outside Antarctica and connected to the much harsher and dryer ice-free zones of the continental Antarctic. A temperate reference site under mild land use, SchF, was included to further test for the Meseta algae distribution in a contrasting environment.MethodsWe employed a paired-end metabarcoding analysis based on amplicons of the highly variable nuclear-encoded ITS2 rDNA region, complemented by a clone library approach. It targeted the four algal classes, Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Xanthophyceae, representing key groups of cold-adapted soil algae.ResultsA surprisingly high diversity of 830 algal OTUs was revealed, assigned to 58 genera in the four targeted algal classes. Members of the green algal class Trebouxiophyceae predominated in the soil algae communities. The major part of the algal biodiversity, 86.1% of all algal OTUs, could not be identified at the species level due to insufficient representation in reference sequence databases. The classes Ulvophyceae and Xanthophyceae exhibited the most unknown species diversity. About 9% of the Meseta algae species diversity was shared with that of the temperate reference site in Germany.DiscussionIn the small portion of algal OTUs for which their distribution could be assessed, the entire ITS2 sequence identity with references shows that the soil algae likely have a wide distribution beyond the Polar regions. They probably originated from soil algae propagule banks in far southern regions, transported by aeolian transport over long distances. The dynamics and severity of environmental conditions at the soil surface, determined by high wind currents, and the soil algae’s high adaptability to harsh environmental conditions may account for the high similarity of soil algal communities between the northern and southern parts of the Meseta

Exploring Andean High-Altitude Lake Extremophiles through Advanced Proteotyping

Quickly identifying and characterizing isolates from extreme environments is currently challenging while very important to explore the Earth′s biodiversity. As these isolates may, in principle, be distantly related to known species, techniques are needed to reliably identify the branch of life to which they belong. Proteotyping these environmental isolates by tandem mass spectrometry offers a rapid and cost-effective option for their identification using their peptide profiles. In this study, we document the first high-throughput proteotyping approach for environmental extremophilic and halophilic isolates. Microorganisms were isolated from samples originating from high-altitude Andean lakes (3700–4300 m a.s.l.) in the Chilean Altiplano, which represent environments on Earth that resemble conditions on other planets. A total of 66 microorganisms were cultivated and identified by proteotyping and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Both the approaches revealed the same genus identification for all isolates except for three isolates possibly representing not yet taxonomically characterized organisms based on their peptidomes. Proteotyping was able to indicate the presence of two potentially new genera from the families of Paracoccaceae and Chromatiaceae/Alteromonadaceae, which have been overlooked by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach only. The paper highlights that proteotyping has the potential to discover undescribed microorganisms from extreme environments