Chapitre 3: Les joints de grains dans la déformation à froid

Les joints de grains jouent un rôle primordial lors de la déformation élastique et élasto-plastique d'un polycristal. L'influence des joints est traditionnellement appréciée à différentes échelles : - à l'échelle microscopique, on considère les interactions entre les dislocations du réseau cristallin et les défauts propres constituant la microstructure des joints. Ce faisant on perd de vue les interactions à grande distance entre les grains, - à l'échelle macroscopique, on considère que l'influence des joints provient des effets des incompatibilités de déformation élastique et plastique entre les grains d'un agrégat polycristallin. Ce faisant, on perd de vue les phénomènes particuliers qui se produisent au niveau des joints du fait de leurs caractéristiques propres, en n'envisageant que des effets moyens de grains à grains. Les joints de grains sont à l'origine de la déformation hétérogène des grains. Cette hétérogénéité se manifeste par l'existence de " domaines " déformés suivant des systèmes de glissement différents. La non uniformité de la déformation est révélée par les marquages (grilles ou mouchetis) déposés sur la surface du matériau. Les incompatibilités de déformation plastique induisent dans les grains, des contraintes internes qui varient en chaque point des grains et qui peuvent être relaxées par des déformations élasto-plastiques. Les contraintes internes locales et les déformations localisées sont étroitement liées. Elles jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la réponse du matériau à une sollicitation et sur son endommagement. Bien que de grand progrès technologiques aient permis de mieux caractériser la réponse locale des grains, les contraintes internes ne peuvent être mesurées à l'échelle du micromètre. C'est pourquoi la méthode des éléments finis utilisée dans le cadre de la plasticité cristalline, permet une évaluation des contraintes internes ainsi que leur localisation spatiale dans les grains. Les modèles polycristallins sont des outils qui permettent d'étudier la réponse locale d'un matériau à une échelle intermédiaire, dite " mésoscopique ", c'est-à-dire se situant entre 0,1 et 10 micromètres. Cependant, les résultats dépendent : - de l'agrégat censé représenter le matériau, - des conditions aux limites imposées à cet agrégat de taille limitée, - des lois de comportement introduites. Dans ce qui suit, nous ne traiterons que des matériaux métalliques purs et des alliages homogènes (pas de variation de concentration d'éléments chimiques) ne présentant ni inclusions, ni précipités. Nous supposerons également que les joints, présentent une bonne cohésion pour les basses et moyennes températures et ne contiennent pas d'éléments de ségrégation. Le plan général est le suivant : - définition des incompatibilités de déformation, - après des rappels sur la plasticité du monocristal, notion de contraintes internes et des modes de relaxation de ces contraintes. - modélisation polycristalline. - effet de taille de grain sur le comportement à travers la loi de Hall et Petch et modélisation associée (dislocations géométriquement nécessaires). - formation de sous-joints et de joints de grains en recristallisation

Multiconfiguration GPR measurements for geometric fracture characterization in limestone cliffs (Alps)

Until now, geophysical methods have been rarely used to investigate vertical limestone cliffs, mainly due to the extreme conditions for data acquisition. Nevertheless, these techniques are the only available methods which could provide information on the internal state or a rock mass in terms of discontinuities, which play a major role in rock-fall hazards. In this case study, detailed GPR measurements were carried out on a test site with different acquisition configurations deployed on vertical cliff faces. Conventional 2D profiles, common midpoints (CMP) and transmission data were acquired to evaluate the potential of radar waves to improve the characterization of the geometry and properties of the main discontinuities (fractures) within the massif. The results show that the 3D geometry of fractures, which is a crucial parameter for stability assessment, can be retrieved by combining vertical and horizontal profiles performed along the cliff. CMP profiles acquired along the cliff allow a velocity profile to be obtained as a function of depth. Finally, transmission experiments, which generate complex radargrams, have provided valuable and quantitative information on the rock mass, through the modelling of the waves generated. On the other hand, a velocity tomography obtained from the first arrivals travelling through the rock mass from the transmitters to the receivers, shows an image of the investigated zone with a poor resolution

Polycrystal model of the mechanical behavior of a Mo-TiC30vol.% metal-ceramic composite using a 3D microstructure map obtained by a dual beam FIB-SEM

The mechanical behavior of a Mo-TiC30 vol.% ceramic-metal composite was investigated over a large temperature range (25^{\circ}C to 700^{\circ}C). High-energy X-ray tomography was used to reveal the percolation of the hard titanium carbide phase through the composite. Using a polycrystal approach for a two-phase material, finite element simulations were performed on a real 3D aggregate of the material. The 3D microstructure, used as starting configuration for the predictions, was obtained by serial-sectioning in a dual beam Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled to an Electron Back Scattering Diffraction system (3D EBSD, EBSD tomography). The 3D aggregate consists of a molybdenum matrix and a percolating TiC skeleton. As most BCC metals, the molybdenum matrix phase is characterized by a change in the plasticity mechanisms with temperature. We used a polycrystal model for the BCC material, which was extended to two phases (TiC and Mo). The model parameters of the matrix were determined from experiments on pure molydenum. For all temperatures investigated, the TiC particles were considered as brittle. Gradual damage of the TiC particles was treated, based on an accumulative failure law that is approximated by an evolution of the apparent particle elastic stiffness. The model enabled us to determine the evolution of the local mechanical fields with deformation and temperature. We showed that a 3D aggregate representing the actual microstructure of the composite is required to understand the local and global mechanical properties of the studied composite

POLYCRYSTALLINE MODELLING OF UDIMET 720 FORGING

International audienceA crystalline modelling of deformation implemented in a finite element code coupled to a recrystallization Cellular Automaton code is proposed and applied to forging processes of superalloys. The coupled modelling is used in order to obtain a better understanding of the microstructural evolution of superalloys during high temperature forging at different strain rates and temperatures. The framework of the modelling is large plastic deformation and large lattice rotation. The used internal variables are dislocations densities on slip systems of the different phases. Modelling is based on viscoplatic constitutive and hardening laws at the scale of the slip systems and describes local strain and stress fields as well as the stored energy and the rotation of the lattice in the grains of the microstructure. At different steps of deformation, formation of subgrains, annihilation of dislocations, nucleation, growth and new orientation of grains are computed. The 3D aggregates representing the superalloy, are built up from Electron Back Scattered Diffraction method (EBSD) by means of a high resolution Scanning Electron Microscope. The phases are identified by means of EBSD, chemical analysis (EDS) and observations with a Scanning Electron Microscope. In this paper the studied aggregate is realised from a semi product of Udimet 720. Such technique is able to give us, a realistic description of the crystalline orientation, morphology and position of grains in the aggregate. The Finite Element meshing is deduced from the EBSD analysis. At high temperature, the Udimet 720 is constituted by a γ matrix with a Face Centred Cubic structure (FCC) and γ' precipitates (Ni3(Ti,Al)) with a Simple Cubic structure (SC). The various material parameters used for the coupled modelling are previously determined from compression tests performed at several strain rate and temperature; The dislocation densities are measured from Transmission Electronic Microscope

RE-FRAME FASHION Report. Innovation in Fashion Education

RE-FRAME FASHION is a two-year Strategic Partnerships project co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. Its aim is to understand the needs of fashion industry stakeholders and provide students with the right tool set to meet these needs. The transnational project is designed and executed by three European universities - Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL), Université ParisDauphine - PSL (FR), Gda?sk University of Technology (PL) - together with fashion industry partners. This report provides an overview of the final project results. With the international collaboration, the following three high quality courses were developed and piloted in three HEIs in close collaboration with non-academic fashion partners: 1. “Sustainability in Fashion” developed and piloted by Université ParisDauphine - PSL, 2. “Entrepreneurship and Creativity in Fashion” developed and piloted by Gda?sk University of Technology, 3. “Heritage and Fashion” developed and piloted by the Erasmus University Rotterdam. Furthemore, the report delves into the methodology behind the courses and discusses the methods used to foster students’ engagement, critical thinking and the involvement of stakeholders. The course “Sustainability in Fashion” was developed together with key industry partner Le Coq Sportif. The course delved into the current debates in the fashion industry concerning sustainability, and was organized along six themes: the consumption of clothes, the production of clothes, the design of clothes, the choice of materials, the role and impact of communication, and the work environment (local and global). Field trips were a key aspect of the course, which encouraged students to interact with industry experts and keeping logbooks of these interactions. The course was well received and will be continued in three curriculum: it is renewed in the Master Marketing & Strategy but adapted to two different tracks, Communication and Luxury, and proposed in the Master Fashion & Materials of Paris Fashion School by PSL (École Nationale de Mode et Matière, EnaMoMa) as a core course on sustainability. The course “Entrepreneurship and Creativity in Fashion” was developed with key industry partner You’ll, a marketing agency. The aim was to familiarize students with the concept of entrepreneurship, introducing the fashion industry and sensitising students to sustainability issues and cultural aspects of fashion. Due to the highly interactive character of the course, it was well received and will be continued in the curriculum of the master programme International Management (IM) at Gda?sk University of Technology. “Heritage in Fashion” was developed with a key fashion partner, the European Fashion Heritage Association (EFHA). During the course students developed case studies related to the various challenges faced by the EFHA. Case-based learning was at the centre of the teaching method employed throughout the course. In the reflection upon the course, students mentioned they felt challenged and were very satisfied with the course overall. The course is continued in the next academic year as part of the curriculum of the Master in History, track GLOCAL, Global Markets Local Markets. RE-FRAME FASHION Strategic Partnerships project allowed for a deep reflection by the project team of its own practices and approaches, accounting for a variety of geographic, economic and sociocultural contexts, in a critical period where academia, industry and society are deeply changing. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that all courses developed in this project were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. As the courses relied heavily on field trips and interaction with students and fashion industry stakeholders, some parts of the courses had to be readapted to a digital learning environment. Nevertheless, the project team used all the tools to ensure the best learning experience for the students, and with all adaptations the courses were well received by both students and fashion industry partners. In conclusion, RE-FRAME FASHION managed to contribute to the acquisition of sustainability skills, cognitive and emotional attitudes, interdisciplinary knowledge, community and social learning, aspects that are highly valued by the European Commission. The three new courses are the steppingstones towards an International Master in Fashion Industry (IMFI) that is international, transdisciplinary, and inclusive. The team is looking forward to continuing working together, enlarging the network of partners, building on the new courses and methods and inspiring other academics, professionals and students to engage in innovative education

Geometric models of the aortic and pulmonary roots: suggestions for the Ross procedure

Objective: To discuss geometric factors, which may influence long-term results relating to homograft competence following the Ross procedure, we describe the 3D morphology of the pulmonary and aortic roots. Materials: Measurements were made on 25 human aortic and pulmonary roots. Inter-commissural distances and the heights of the sinuses were measured. For geometrical reconstruction the three commissures and their vertical projections at the root base were used as reference points. Results: In the pulmonary root, the three inter-commissural distances were of similar dimensions (17.9±1.6mm, 17.5±1.4mm and 18.6±1.5mm). In the aortic root, the right inter-commissural distance was greatest (18.8±1.9mm), followed by the non-coronary (17.4±2.0mm) and left coronary sinus commissures (15.2±1.9mm). The mean height of the left pulmonary sinus was greatest (20±1.7mm) followed by the anterior (17.5±1.4mm) and right pulmonary sinus (18±1.66mm). In the aortic root, the height of the right coronary sinus was the greatest (19.4±1.9mm) followed by the heights of the non-coronary (17.7±1.8mm) and left coronary sinus (17.4±1.4mm). Measured differences between parameters determine the tilt angle and direction of the root vector. The tilt angle in the pulmonary root averaged 16.26°, respectively; for the aortic roots, it was 5.47°. Conclusions: Herein we suggest that the left pulmonary sinus is best implanted in the position of the right coronary sinus, the anterior pulmonary in the position of the non-coronary sinus and the right pulmonary sinus in the position of the left coronary sinus. In this way, the direction of the pulmonary root vector will be parallel to that of the aortic root vecto

Experimental characterization and mechanical behaviour modelling of Molybdenum -Titanium Carbide composite for high temperature applications.

International audienceSimulations of the elastic-viscoplastic behaviour of ceramic-metal composite, over the temperature range 298-993K, are performed on realistic aggregates built up from Electron Back Scatter Diffraction methods. Physical based constitutive models are developed in order to characterize the deformation behaviour of body centered cubic (bcc) metal and face centered cubic (fcc) ceramic under various temperatures. While the ceramic keeps elastic, the viscoplastic behaviour of the metal part is described with a dislocation - based model, implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS, in order to compute local strain and stress fields during compressive tests. It is shown that the adopted constitutive laws are able to give back local complex experimental evidence on weak points of the microstructure

Urinary peptidomics analysis reveals proteases involved in diabetic nephropathy

Mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of nephropathy in diabetic patients are not fully elucidated. Deregulation of proteolytic systems is a known path leading to disease manifestation, therefore we hypothesized that proteases aberrantly expressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) may be involved in the generation of DN-associated peptides in urine. We compared urinary peptide profiles of DN patients (macroalbuminuric, n = 121) to diabetic patients with no evidence of DN (normoalbuminuric, n = 118). 302 sequenced, differentially expressed peptides (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were analysed with the Proteasix tool predicting proteases potentially involved in their generation. Activity change was estimated based on the change in abundance of the investigated peptides. Predictions were correlated with transcriptomics (Nephroseq) and relevant protein expression data from the literature. This analysis yielded seventeen proteases, including multiple forms of MMPs, cathepsin D and K, kallikrein 4 and proprotein convertases. The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, predicted to be decreased in DN, was investigated using zymography in a DN mouse model confirming the predictions. Collectively, this proof-of-concept study links urine peptidomics to molecular changes at the tissue level, building hypotheses for further investigation in DN and providing a workflow with potential applications to other diseases

Association of kidney fibrosis with urinary peptides: a path towards non-invasive liquid biopsies?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A hallmark of CKD progression is renal fibrosis characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of the urinary proteome classifier CKD273 and individual urinary peptides with the degree of fibrosis. In total, 42 kidney biopsies and urine samples were examined. The percentage of fibrosis per total tissue area was assessed in Masson trichrome stained kidney tissues. The urinary proteome was analysed by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. CKD273 displayed a significant and positive correlation with the degree of fibrosis (Rho = 0.430, P = 0.0044), while the routinely used parameters (glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio) did not (Rho = -0.222; -0.137; -0.070 and P = 0.16; 0.39; 0.66, respectively). We identified seven fibrosis-associated peptides displaying a significant and negative correlation with the degree of fibrosis. All peptides were collagen fragments, suggesting that these may be causally related to the observed accumulation of ECM in the kidneys. CKD273 and specific peptides are significantly associated with kidney fibrosis; such an association could not be detected by other biomarkers for CKD. These non-invasive fibrosis-related biomarkers can potentially be implemented in future trials

Microchannel cooling for the LHCb VELO Upgrade I

The LHCb VELO Upgrade I, currently being installed for the 2022 start of LHC Run 3, uses silicon microchannel coolers with internally circulating bi-phase \cotwo for thermal control of hybrid pixel modules operating in vacuum. This is the largest scale application of this technology to date. Production of the microchannel coolers was completed in July 2019 and the assembly into cooling structures was completed in September 2021. This paper describes the R\&D path supporting the microchannel production and assembly and the motivation for the design choices. The microchannel coolers have excellent thermal peformance, low and uniform mass, no thermal expansion mismatch with the ASICs and are radiation hard. The fluidic and thermal performance is presented.Comment: 31 pages, 27 figure